Roskill: Changing Market Demand Presents Opportunities for New Flake Graphite Supply
29 Oct, 2012, 18:56 GMT
LONDON, October 29, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --
Natural & Synthetic Graphite: Global Industry Markets and Outlook (8th edition, 2012)
Demand for natural graphite is shifting from amorphous to flake and synthetic graphite, particularly for large flake and high-purity grades. Emerging applications such as batteries and flexible graphite products are requiring higher performance and speciality products. To meet these new challenges, flake graphite production will increase outside China as new capacity is brought on-line over the next five years.
New flake supply expected from Canada
Over 70 flake graphite projects are under development outside China, which in total have the potential to add 200,000tpy to global capacity by 2016. Around a quarter of this capacity could be in Canada, where more than 40 flake graphite projects are being investigated, many at an early exploration stage. Other potential new sources include Australia, Brazil, and Sweden.
Amorphous recovery in China
World natural graphite production is growing and is now split into 55% flake and 45% amorphous output. This latest report from Roskill details how China is still the world's largest producer of natural graphite, both amorphous and flake, representing 70% of supply in 2011. Production in China in 2012 is recovering from lower levels in 2011, as amorphous graphite mines come back on stream, following some closures and consolidation in Hunan.
Synthetic graphite output growing
Synthetic graphite production is also increasing for use in specialist applications. By 2011, production of primary synthetic graphite reached an estimated 1.5Mt. The largest tonnages come from the graphite electrode manufacturers, with eight major producers worldwide. Markets such as electrodes, recarburisers and shapes are all forecast to grow through to 2016. Carbon fibre, a high value market, is also expanding, as producers target the replacement of steel in aerospace and automotive applications.
Traditional markets and Li-ion batteries driving demand growth
Demand for natural flake graphite will continue to be driven by growth in refractories, which accounted for nearly 60% of flake consumption in 2011. Meanwhile, synthetic graphite consumption will rise on the back of increased electrode manufacture, which represents just over half of synthetic graphite demand by volume. Lithium-ion battery anodes are an emerging market that provides one of the few platforms for natural and synthetic graphite to compete. Consumption of graphite in batteries is expected to grow rapidly at 10-12%py to 2016.
World pricing and trade led by China
For many years, China has led the way for international trade and pricing, as consumers looked to take advantage of competitively priced raw materials and this trend looks set to continue, at least in the short-term. Chinese graphite prices are expected to soften going into 2013 following reduced demand from its main markets and lower than expected economic growth in China.
In the longer term, Chinese export prices are expected to rise as the country continues to consolidate its natural graphite industry and adds value with domestically manufactured downstream products. This may result in less material available for exports. At the same time, rising costs of labour and environmental regulations, coupled with increasing mining overheads as more accessible reserves become exhausted, are adding to upward pricing pressures. This could result in consumers looking to purchase elsewhere and result in a shift in traditional purchasing patterns.
Natural & Synthetic Graphite: Global Industry Markets and Outlook, 8th Edition, 2012 is available at £3500 / US$5800 / €4600 from Roskill Information Services Ltd, 54 Russell Road, London SW19 1QL ENGLAND. Tel: +44-20-8417-0087. Fax +44-20-8417-1308 Email: info@roskill.co.uk Web: http://www.roskill.com/graphite
ENDS
Note to editors
The report contains 413 pages, 194 tables and 120 figures. It provides a detailed review of the industry, with subsections on the activities of the leading producing companies. It also analyses consumption, trade and prices.
For further information on this report, please contact Alison Saxby (asaxby@roskill.co.uk). To receive information on reports and other services, please contact Isobel Jarvis (isobel@roskill.co.uk).
Roskill is a London based and privately-owned company, with more than 40 years of experience of publishing reports on industrial minerals, steel alloys, and minor & light metals, including 40 different market reports and newsletters. Roskill also offers specialised consultancy services.
Table of Contents
Page
1. Summary 1
1.1 Natural graphite production 1
1.2 Synthetic graphite production 2
1.3 Global graphite markets 2
1.3.1 Natural graphite markets 4
1.3.2 Synthetic graphite markets 6
1.4 Trade in natural graphite 7
1.5 Prices 8
2. Geology and resources of natural graphite 9
2.1 Geology of natural graphite deposits 9
2.2 Reserves and resources of natural graphite 11
3. Mining and processing of natural graphite 14
3.1 High-purity natural graphite 16
3.2 Micronised natural graphite 17
3.3 Spherical natural graphite 17
3.4 Expandable/expanded graphite 18
3.5 Graphene and graphite nanoflakes 19
3.5.1 Graphene 20
4. Manufacture of synthetic graphite 24
5. Review of world production of natural graphite 27
5.1 Structure of the natural graphite industry 31
5.2 Recycling of natural graphite 35
5.3 Future trends in world production of natural graphite 35
5.3.1 Short-term outlook 35
5.3.2 Long-term outlook 37
6. Review of world production of synthetic graphite 38
7. Review of world production and processing of natural graphite by
country and company 41
7.1 Australia 41
7.1.1 Potential producers of natural graphite in Australia 41
7.1.1.1 Mega Graphite 41
7.1.1.2 Adelaide Prospecting 42
7.1.1.3 Archer Exploration 42
7.1.1.4 Buxton Resources 43
7.1.1.5 Lincoln Minerals 43
7.1.1.6 Monax Mining 43
7.1.1.7 Pinestar Gold 43
7.2 Austria 44
7.2.1 Producers of natural graphite in Austria 45
7.2.1.1 Grafitbergbau Kaisersberg 45
7.2.1.2 Graphitbergbau Mϋhldorf Mörth 46
7.3 Brazil 46
7.3.1 Producers of natural graphite in Brazil 48
7.3.1.1 Nacional de Grafite 48
7.3.1.2 Extrativa Metalquímica 49
7.3.1.3 Grafita 50
7.3.1.4 Others 50
7.3.2 Potential producers of natural graphite in Brazil 50
7.3.2.1 Magnesita Refratários 50
7.3.2.2 Others 51
7.4 Canada 51
7.4.1 Producers of natural graphite in Canada 52
7.4.1.1 Timcal Canada 52
7.4.1.2 Eagle Graphite 53
7.4.2 Potential producers of natural graphite in Canada 53
7.4.2.1 Northern Graphite 54
7.4.2.2 Focus Graphite 55
7.4.2.3 Ontario Graphite 56
7.4.2.4 Mega Graphite 57
7.4.2.5 Uragold Bay Resources 57
7.4.2.6 Fortune Graphite 58
7.4.2.7 Standard Graphite 58
7.4.2.8 Mason Graphite 59
7.4.3 Processors of natural graphite in Canada 59
7.4.3.1 Babco Industrial 59
7.5 China 59
7.5.1 Reserves and resources of natural graphite in China 60
7.5.2 Production of natural graphite in China 62
7.5.2.1 Production of flake graphite in China 63
7.5.2.2 Production of amorphous graphite in China 64
7.5.3 Processing of natural graphite in China 65
7.5.4 Trade of natural graphite in China 66
7.5.4.1 Exports of natural graphite from China 66
7.5.4.2 Imports of natural graphite to China 69
7.5.5 Producers and processors of natural graphite in China 70
7.5.5.1 South Graphite 74
7.5.5.2 China Graphite 74
7.5.5.3 Heilongjiang Aoyu Graphite Group 75
7.5.5.4 Jixi Liumao Graphite Resources 75
7.5.5.5 Qingdao Haida Graphite 76
7.5.5.6 Hunan Chenzhou Lutang Crystallitic Graphite & Carbon 76
7.5.5.7 Qingdao Hensen Graphite 76
7.5.5.8 Luobei Yixiang Graphite 77
7.5.5.9 Qingdao Heilong Graphite (Qingdao Black Dragon Graphite) 77
7.5.5.10 Qingdao Tiansheng Graphite 78
7.5.5.11 Changzhou Timcal Graphite 78
7.5.5.12 Chenzhou Global Graphite 78
7.5.5.13 China Carbon Graphite 79
7.5.5.14 China Sciences Hengda Graphite 79
7.5.5.15 Hunan Chenzhou Lutang Graphite Mine No.2 Plant 79
7.5.5.16 Jixi BIR Graphite 80
7.5.5.17 Jixi Hengnai Graphite 80
7.5.5.18 Jixi Jinyu Graphite 80
7.5.5.19 Jixi Tiansheng Non-metal Industry 80
7.5.5.20 Luoyang Guanqi Industrial & Trade 81
7.5.5.21 Luobei Qingdao Haida Graphite 81
7.5.5.22 Qingdao Graphite 81
7.5.5.23 Qingdao Guyu Graphite 81
7.5.5.24 Qingdao Henglide Graphite 82
7.5.5.25 Qingdao Haili Graphite Carbon 82
7.5.5.26 Qingdao Jinhui Graphite 82
7.5.5.27 Qingdao Kropfmühl Graphite 82
7.5.5.28 Qingdao Super Graphite 83
7.5.5.29 Qingdao Tianhe Graphite 83
7.5.5.30 Qingdao Tianzhuang Hengyuang Graphite 83
7.5.5.31 Qingdao Xinghe Graphite 84
7.5.5.32 Qingdao Yanxin Graphite 84
7.5.5.33 Qingdao Zhongdong Graphite 84
7.5.5.34 Timcal Jing Yuan Graphite (Baotou) 85
7.5.5.35 Xinghe Xinyi Graphite 85
7.5.5.36 Yichang Jinchang Graphite 85
7.6 Czech Republic 85
7.6.1 Processors of natural graphite in the Czech Republic 87
7.6.1.1 Graphite Týn 87
7.6.1.2 Koh-I-noor Grafit 87
7.7 Germany 87
7.7.1 Processors of natural graphite in Germany 88
7.7.1.1 Graphit Kropfmühl 88
7.7.1.2 Georg H. Luh 90
7.7.1.3 SGL Group - The Carbon Company 91
7.7.1.4 Others 91
7.8 Ghana 92
7.9 Greece 92
7.10 India 92
7.10.1 Reserves and resources of natural graphite in India 92
7.10.2 Production of natural graphite in india 94
7.10.3 Producers of natural graphite in India 95
7.10.3.1 Tamil Nadu Minerals 96
7.10.3.2 Agrawal Graphite Industries (AGI) 96
7.10.3.3 Chotanagpur Graphite Industries 97
7.10.3.4 Parijat Mining Industries 97
7.10.3.5 Pradhan Industries 97
7.10.3.6 Singhania Commercial 97
7.10.3.7 Others 98
7.10.4 Potential producers of natural graphite in India 98
7.10.4.1 Mega Graphite 98
7.10.5 Beneficiation of natural graphite in India 99
7.11 Italy 100
7.12 Japan 101
7.13 Kazakhstan 101
7.14 Korea, North 101
7.14.1 Producers of natural graphite in North Korea 103
7.15 Korea, South 103
7.16 Madagascar 104
7.16.1 Producers of natural graphite in Madagascar 105
7.16.1.1 Établissements Gallois 105
7.16.1.2 Others 105
7.16.2 Potential producers of natural graphite in Madagascar 106
7.16.2.1 StratMin Global Resources 106
7.16.2.2 Energizer Resources 106
7.16.2.3 Société Malgache du Graphite 106
7.17 Malawi 107
7.18 Mexico 107
7.18.1 Producers of natural graphite in Mexico 108
7.18.1.1 Grafitos Mexicanos 108
7.18.1.2 Grafito Superior 108
7.18.1.3 Processors of natural graphite in Mexico 108
7.19 Mozambique 109
7.19.1 Potential producers of natural graphite in Mozambique 109
7.19.1.1 Graphit Kropfmühl de Moçambique 109
7.19.1.2 Syrah Resources 110
7.19.1.3 Rockover Resources 110
7.20 Norway 110
7.20.1 Producers of natural graphite in Norway 110
7.20.1.1 Skaland Graphite 110
7.21 Peru 112
7.22 Poland 112
7.23 Romania 112
7.24 Russia 113
7.24.1 Producers of natural graphite in Russia 114
7.24.1.1 Krasnoyarsk Graphite Factory 114
7.24.1.2 Uralgraphite 114
7.24.2 Potential producers of natural graphite in Russia 115
7.24.2.1 Prominvest 115
7.25 Spain 115
7.26 South Africa 115
7.26.1 Potential production of natural graphite in South Africa 115
7.26.1.1 Jonkel Carbons 115
7.27 Sri Lanka 116
7.27.1 Producers of natural graphite in Sri Lanka 117
7.27.1.1 Bogala Graphite Lanka 117
7.27.1.2 Kahatagaha Graphite Lanka (KGLL) 118
7.27.1.3 Others 119
7.28 Sweden 119
7.28.1 Potential producers of natural graphite in Sweden 120
7.28.1.1 Flinders Resources 120
7.28.1.2 Talga Gold 120
7.28.2 Processors of natural graphite in Sweden 121
7.28.2.1 Minelco Group 121
7.29 Switzerland 121
7.29.1 Processors of natural graphite in Switzerland 121
7.29.1.1 Timcal Graphite & Carbon 121
7.30 Tanzania 122
7.30.1 Potential producers of natural graphite in Tanzania 122
7.31 Turkey 123
7.31.1 Producers of natural graphite in Turkey 123
7.31.1.1 Oysu Graphite Mining 123
7.32 Ukraine 124
7.32.1 Producers of natural graphite in Ukraine 124
7.32.1.1 Zavalyevsky (Zaval'evsky) Graphite Complex 124
7.33 United Kingdom 125
7.33.1 Processors of natural graphite in the UK 125
7.33.1.1 Branwell Graphite 125
7.33.1.2 James Durrans Group 126
7.33.1.3 Morgan Crucible 126
7.34 USA 126
7.34.1 Potential producers of natural graphite in the USA 128
7.34.1.1 Graphite One Resources 128
7.34.2 Processors of natural graphite in the USA 128
7.34.2.1 Asbury Carbons 128
7.34.2.2 GrafTech International 130
7.34.2.3 Graphite Technology 131
7.34.2.4 Poco Graphite 131
7.34.2.5 Superior Graphite 132
7.35 Uzbekistan 132
7.36 Vietnam 133
7.37 Zimbabwe 134
7.37.1 Producers of natural graphite in Zimbabwe 134
7.37.1.1 Zimbabwe German Graphite Mines 134
8. International trade in natural graphite 135
8.1 Exports of natural graphite 136
8.1.1 Exports of natural graphite from China 142
8.1.2 Exports of natural graphite from other countries 143
8.1.3 Exports of flake natural graphite 143
8.1.3.1 Exports of flake natural graphite from China 144
8.1.4 Exports of non-flake natural graphite 145
8.1.4.1 Exports of non-flake natural graphite from China 146
8.2 Imports of natural graphite 147
9. International trade in synthetic graphite 157
9.1 Exports of synthetic graphite 161
9.1.1 Impact of export controls on synthetic graphite trade 167
9.1.2 Trade flows of synthetic graphite from major exporting countries 167
9.2 Imports of synthetic graphite 178
9.2.1 Trade flows of synthetic graphite from major importing countries 184
10. Consumption of natural and synthetic graphite 195
10.1 Apparent consumption of natural graphite 195
10.2 Apparent consumption of synthetic graphite 198
10.3 Consumption of graphite by country 199
10.3.1 Consumption of graphite in Brazil 199
10.3.2 Consumption of graphite in Canada 200
10.3.3 Consumption of graphite in China 200
10.3.4 Consumption of graphite in India 201
10.3.5 Consumption of graphite in Poland 202
10.3.6 Consumption of graphite in Russia 202
10.3.7 Consumption of graphite in the USA 203
10.3.7.1 Natural graphite 203
10.3.7.2 Synthetic graphite 208
11. Forecast demand for natural and synthetic graphite 210
11.1 Forecast demand for natural graphite 210
11.2 Forecast demand for synthetic graphite 211
12. End-uses for natural and synthetic graphite 213
13. Specifications for natural and synthetic graphite by end-use 216
14. Use of synthetic graphite in electrodes 219
14.1 Producers of synthetic graphite electrodes 220
14.1.1 GrafTech International 222
14.1.2 SGL Group - The Carbon Company 222
14.1.3 Beijing Fangda Carbon 223
14.1.4 Showa Denko 223
14.1.5 Tokai Carbon 223
14.1.6 Energoprom 224
14.1.7 Graphite India 224
14.1.8 HEG 225
14.2 Production of crude steel 225
14.2.1 Production of steel by process 227
14.2.2 Producers of crude steel 228
14.2.3 Consumption of synthetic graphite electrodes in steel production 229
14.3 Production of ferroalloys and silicon metal 232
14.4 Carbon arc light 233
15. Use of natural and synthetic graphite in refractories 234
15.1 Types of refractories 234
15.1.1 Magnesia-carbon refractories 236
15.1.2 Alumina-magnesia-carbon refractories 237
15.1.3 Alumina-carbon refractories 238
15.1.4 Silicon carbide-graphite refractories 238
15.1.5 Graphite blocks 238
15.1.6 Graphite freeze linings 238
15.1.7 Crucibles 239
15.2 Production of refractories by region and country 240
15.2.1 Trends in the refractory industry 241
15.2.2 Production of refractories in Asia 242
15.2.2.1 Production of refractories in China 243
15.2.2.2 Production of refractories in Japan 246
15.2.2.3 Production of refractories in India 247
15.2.3 Production of refractories in Europe 248
15.2.3.1 Production of refractories in Spain 251
15.2.4 Production of refractories in South America 251
15.2.5 Production of refractories in the USA 252
15.3 Producers of graphite refractories 253
15.3.1 Argentina 256
15.3.2 Austria 256
15.3.3 Belgium 257
15.3.4 Brazil 257
15.3.5 China 258
15.3.6 Germany 262
15.3.7 India 263
15.3.8 Iran 265
15.3.9 Italy 265
15.3.10 Japan 266
15.3.11 South Korea 267
15.3.12 Mexico 267
15.3.13 Peru 267
15.3.14 Poland 268
15.3.15 Russia 268
15.3.16 Singapore 269
15.3.17 Slovakia 269
15.3.18 Spain 269
15.3.19 Taiwan 269
15.3.20 Turkey 270
15.3.21 Ukraine 270
15.3.22 UK 271
15.3.23 USA 271
15.4 Markets for refractories 272
15.5 Use of basic refractories in the iron and steel industry 273
15.5.1 Production of steel by process 273
15.5.1.1 Refractory consumption in basic oxygen furnaces (BOFs) 274
15.5.1.2 Refractory consumption in electric arc furnaces (EAFs) 276
15.5.1.3 Refractory consumption in secondary refining 276
15.5.1.4 Refractory consumption in continuous casting (concast) 278
15.6 Use of basic refractories in the non-ferrous metals industry 278
15.6.1 Production of non-ferrous metals 279
15.7 Consumption of graphite in refractories 281
15.7.1 US consumption of natural graphite in refractories 281
16. Use of natural and synthetic graphite in recarburising 283
16.1 Use of recarburisers 283
16.2 Producers of synthetic graphite recarburisers 283
16.3 Trends in the use of recarburisers 284
16.3.1 US consumption of natural graphite in recarburisers 285
17. Use of natural and synthetic graphite in lubricants 286
17.1 US consumption of natural graphite in lubricants 288
18. Use of natural and synthetic graphite in graphite shapes 290
18.1 Producers of graphite shapes 292
18.1.1 SGL Group - The Carbon Company 292
18.1.2 GrafTech International 293
18.1.3 Mersen 294
18.1.4 Graphite India 295
18.1.5 Ibiden 295
18.1.6 POCO Graphite 295
18.1.7 SEC Carbon 296
18.1.8 Toyo Tanso 296
18.1.9 Other producers 296
19. Use of natural and synthetic graphite in foundries 297
19.1 World production of castings 297
19.2 US consumption of natural graphite in foundries 300
20. Use of natural and synthetic graphite in batteries 301
20.1 Production of batteries 304
20.2 Trends in the the use of different battery types in major applications 308
20.2.1 Portable consumer applications 308
20.2.2 Traditional automotive applications 309
20.2.3 Alternative energy automotive applications 312
20.2.4 Electric bicycles 317
20.2.5 Stationary applications 318
20.2.6 Other applications 319
20.2.7 Forecast demand for batteries 319
20.3 Use of graphite in lithium-ion batteries 321
20.3.1 Consumption of graphite in lithium-ion batteries 322
20.3.2 Producers of lithium-ion anode material 324
20.3.2.1 BTR Energy Materials 325
20.3.2.2 Carbon Tech 325
20.3.2.3 Changsha Hairong Electronic Materials 325
20.3.2.4 Chuo Denki Kogyo 326
20.3.2.5 Hitachi Chemical 326
20.3.2.6 Hitachi Powdered Metals 327
20.3.2.7 JFE Chemical 327
20.3.2.8 Kureha 327
20.3.2.9 Mitsubishi Chemical 328
20.3.2.10 Nippon Carbon 328
20.3.2.11 Nippon Power Graphite 328
20.3.2.12 Qingdao Dahua 328
20.3.2.13 Shanghai Shanshan 328
20.3.2.14 Showa Denko 329
20.3.2.15 Tokai Carbon 329
20.3.3 Production and demand for lithium-ion batteries 329
20.3.4 Forecast demand for graphite in lithium-ion batteries 331
20.4 Use of graphite in primary alkaline batteries 331
20.4.1 Consumption of graphite in primary alkaline batteries 332
20.5 Use of graphite in lead-acid batteries 333
20.5.1 Consumption of graphite in lead-acid batteries 334
20.6 Use of graphite in other battery types 335
20.7 Use of graphite in fuel cells 335
20.7.1 Consumption of graphite in fuel cells 337
21. Use of natural and synthetic graphite in friction materials 339
21.1 Production of motor vehicles 341
21.1.1 US consumption of natural graphite in brake linings 344
21.2 End-uses for graphite shapes 346
21.2.1 Aerospace 347
21.2.2 Solar photovoltaic electricity 347
21.2.3 Electronics 348
21.2.4 Chemical processing 348
21.2.5 Bearings 348
21.2.6 Carbon brushes 349
21.2.7 Extrusion and furnace parts 349
21.2.8 Glass production 350
21.3 US consumption of natural graphite in carbon products 351
22. Use of natural and synthetic graphite in other end-uses 352
22.1 Use of natural graphite in pencils 352
22.2 Use of natural and synthetic graphite in powder metallurgy 353
22.2.1 Markets for graphite in powder metallurgy 354
22.2.2 Natural graphite products used in powder metallurgy 354
22.2.3 Production of cemented carbides 357
22.2.3.1 Production of cemented carbides in China 357
22.2.3.2 Production of cemented carbides in the USA 358
22.2.3.3 Production of cemented carbide tools in Japan 358
22.2.3.4 Production of cemented carbides in Europe 359
22.2.4 US consumption of natural graphite in powder metallurgy 360
22.3 Use of natural and synthetic graphite in rubber 360
22.3.1 US consumption of natural graphite in rubber 361
22.4 Use of natural graphite in flexible graphite 361
22.4.1 Producers of flexible graphite 362
22.4.2 China 362
22.4.3 Germany 364
22.4.4 India 364
22.4.5 Japan 364
22.4.6 UK 365
22.4.7 USA 365
22.5 Use of natural and synthetic graphite in carbon-graphite foam 367
22.6 Use of natural graphite in paint 367
22.7 Use of natural and synthetic graphite in nuclear reactors 367
22.8 Use of synthetic graphite in synthetic diamonds 371
23. Use of synthetic graphite in carbon fibres 372
23.1 Carbon fibre production process 374
23.2 Producers of carbon fibres 377
23.2.1 Toray Carbon 378
23.2.2 Zoltek 378
23.2.3 Toho Tenax 379
23.2.4 Mitsubishi Rayon 379
23.2.5 Formosa 380
23.2.6 Hexcel 380
23.2.7 SGL Group 381
23.2.8 DowAKSA 383
23.2.9 Cytec 383
23.3 End-uses for carbon fibres 384
24. Competition and substitution of natural and synthetic graphite 389
25. Prices of natural graphite 390
25.1 Trends in prices of natural graphite 395
25.2 Price history of natural flake graphite 396
25.3 Average value of exports from China 398
25.4 Average value of imports into the USA 401
25.5 Average value of imports into Japan 401
25.6 Future price trends for natural graphite 402
26. Prices of synthetic graphite 404
26.1 China 408
26.2 USA 410
26.3 Future price trends for synthetic graphite 411
List of Tables
Page
Table 1: World: Estimated consumption of natural and synthetic graphite by region
and end-use, 2011 3
Table 2: Industrial applications for natural and synthetic graphite 4
Table 3: World: Estimated consumption of synthetic graphite by region and end-use,
2011 6
Table 4: World: Forecast demand for synthetic graphite by region and end-use, 2016 7
Table 5: Typical chemical composition of natural amorphous, flake and lump graphite 10
Table 6: Ash content and analysis in natural graphite 10
Table 7: World: Reserves of natural graphite, 2012 11
Table 8: Location of major natural graphite deposits by type 12
Table 9: World: Particle size and carbon content of commercial graphite production 15
Table 10: Applications for high-purity graphites and alternatives 17
Table 11: Applications for expanded graphite 19
Table 12: Potential applications for graphene 22
Table 13: World: Production of natural graphite by country and graphite type, 2004
to 2011 29
Table 14: World: Estimated capacity for natural graphite by producer, 2011 32
Table 15: World: Major synthetic graphite producers by end-use, 2012 39
Table 16: Austria: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 44
Table 17: Brazil: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 46
Table 18: Brazil: Production of natural graphite by company, 2002 to 2010 47
Table 19: Brazil: Production and sales of natural graphite by selected region, 2005
to 2007 47
Table 20: Nacional de Grafite: Products and their uses 49
Table 21: Canada: Production, trade and reported consumption of graphite, 2004
to 2011 51
Table 22: Québec: Imports of natural graphite by type, 2004 to 2011 53
Table 23: Canada: Status of major natural graphite developments, as of June 2012 54
Table 24: China: Explored deposits divided by size and type, 1996 61
Table 25: China: Classification of Chinese graphite deposit size 61
Table 26: China: Distribution of natural graphite resources, by region 61
Table 27: China: Distribution of natural graphite resources, by province 62
Table 28: China: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 63
Table 29: China: Production of natural flake graphite, 1991 to 2011 63
Table 30: China: Production of flake graphite ore and stripping quantity, 2012 64
Table 31: China: Exports of natural graphite by type and district, 2004 to 2011 67
Table 32: China: Imports of natural graphite by type and district, 2004 to 2011 70
Table 33: China: Natural graphite producers, 2012 71
Table 34: Qingdao Hensen Graphite: Product list and capacity 77
Table 35: Qingdao Heilong Graphite: Product list, uses and capacity 78
Table 36: Czech Republic: Production and trade in natural graphite, 2004 to 2011 86
Table 37: Czech Republic: Deposits of natural graphite by type, 2009 86
Table 38: Czech Republic: Reserves of natural graphite, 2001 to 2009 86
Table 39: Germany: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 87
Table 40: Graphit Kropfmühl: Mining and processing capacity, 2011 88
Table 41: Graphit Kropfmühl: Corporate structure 89
Table 42: Graphit Kropfmühl: Graphite segment sales, 2004 to 2011 89
Table 43: India: Reserves/resources of graphite by state and grade, April 2005, 93
Table 44: India: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 94
Table 45: India: Production of graphite by sector, state and district, 2006/07
to 2009/10 95
Table 46: India: Relative size of operating mines, 2008/09 and 2009/10 95
Table 47: India: Major producers of natural graphite, 2009/10 96
Table 48: India: Location of major graphite beneficiation plants, 2008/09 100
Table 49: North Korea: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 101
Table 50: South Korea: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 103
Table 51: Madagascar: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 104
Table 52: Mexico: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 107
Table 53: Norway: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 110
Table 54: Romania: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 112
Table 55: Russia: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 113
Table 56: Sri Lanka: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 116
Table 57: Bogala Graphite Lanka: Vein graphite products 118
Table 58: Sweden: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 119
Table 59: Timcal: Details of major graphite operations 122
Table 60: Turkey: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 123
Table 61: Ukraine: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 124
Table 62: Zavalyevsky: Product list 125
Table 63: UK: Trade in natural graphite, 2004 to 2011 125
Table 64: USA: Trade and consumption of natural graphite, 2004 to 2011 127
Table 65: Asbury Carbons: Location of graphite processing plants, 2012 129
Table 66: Asbury Carbons: Specifications of natural graphite products by major
application 130
Table 67: GrafTech: Segments, products and applications, 2009 to 2011 131
Table 68: Superior Graphite: Location of manufacturing facilities 132
Table 69: Uzbekistan: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 133
Table 70: Vietnam: Trade in natural graphite, 2004 to 2011 133
Table 71: Zimbabwe: Production and trade in graphite, 2004 to 2011 134
Table 72: World: Recorded trade in natural graphite by type, 2002 to 2011 136
Table 73: World: Exports of natural graphite by region and country, 2002 to 2011 138
Table 74: World: Major reported trade flows of natural graphite exports, 2010 140
Table 75: World: Major reported trade flows of natural graphite exports, 2011 141
Table 76: World: Exports of natural graphite powder or flake by region and country,
2002 to 2011 143
Table 77: World: Exports of natural graphite other than powder or flake by region
and country, 2002 to 2011 145
Table 78: World: Reported imports of natural graphite by region and country, 2002
to 2011 149
Table 79: World: Major reported trade flows of natural graphite imports, 2010 151
Table 80: World: Major reported trade flows of natural graphite imports, 2011 152
Table 81: World: Reported imports of flake natural graphite by region and country,
2002 to 2011 154
Table 82: World: Reported imports of non-flake natural graphite by region and
country, 2002 to 2011 155
Table 83: World: Recorded trade in synthetic graphite by type, 2002 to 2011 159
Table 84: World: Recorded trade in carbon electrodes of a kind used for furnaces,
2002 to 2011 159
Table 85: World: Exports of artificial graphite by region and country, 2002 to 2011 165
Table 86: World: Major reported trade flows of artificial graphite exports, 2010 168
Table 87: World: Major reported trade flows of artificial graphite exports, 2011 169
Table 88: World: Major reported trade flows of colloidal or semi-colloidal graphite exports, 2010 170
Table 89: World: Major reported trade flows of colloidal or semi-colloidal graphite exports, 2011 171
Table 90: World: Major reported trade flows of carbonaceous pastes for electrodes
and similar pastes for furnace lining exports, 2010 172
Table 91: World: Major reported trade flows of carbonaceous pastes for electrodes
and similar pastes for furnace lining exports, 2011 173
Table 92: World: Major reported trade flows of preparations based on graphite,
nesoi, exports, 2010 174
Table 93: World: Major reported trade flows of preparations based on graphite,
nesoi, exports, 2011 175
Table 94: World: Major reported trade flows of carbon electrode exports, 2010 176
Table 95: World: Major reported trade flows of carbon electrode exports, 2011 177
Table 96: World: Reported imports of artificial graphite by region and country, 2002
to 2011 180
Table 97: World: Reported imports of carbon electrodes of a kind used for furnaces
by region and country, 2002 to 2011 182
Table 98: World: Major reported trade flows of artificial graphite imports, 2010 185
Table 99: World: Major reported trade flows of artificial graphite imports, 2011 186
Table 100: World: Major reported trade flows of colloidal and semi-colloidal
graphite imports, 2010 187
Table 101: World: Major reported trade flows of colloidal and semi-colloidal
graphite imports, 2011 188
Table 102: World: Major reported trade flows of carbonaceous pastes for electrodes
and similar pastes for furnace lining imports, 2010 189
Table 103: World: Major reported trade flows of carbonaceous pastes for
electrodes and similar pastes for furnace lining imports, 2011 190
Table 104: World: Major reported trade flows of preparations based on graphite,
nesoi, imports, 2010 191
Table 105: World: Major reported trade flows of preparations based on graphite,
nesoi, imports, 2011 192
Table 106: World: Major reported trade flows of carbon electrode imports, 2010 193
Table 107: World: Major reported trade flows of carbon electrode imports, 2011 194
Table 108: World: Estimated consumption of natural and synthetic graphite by
region and end-use, 2011 195
Table 109: World: Estimated consumption of natural graphite by region, 2004
to 2011 196
Table 110: World: Estimated consumption of natural graphite by region and
end-use, 2011 197
Table 111: World: Estimated consumption of natural flake graphite by region and
end-use, 2011 198
Table 112: World: Estimated consumption of synthetic graphite by region and
end-use, 2011 199
Table 113: Canada: Reported consumption of natural graphite, 1998 to 2006 200
Table 114: India: Reported consumption of graphite by end-use, 1999/00 to
2009/10 202
Table 115: USA: Reported consumption of natural graphite by end-use and type,
2001 to 2010 206
Table 116: USA: Shipments of synthetic graphite by end-use, 1999 to 2010 209
Table 117: World: Forecast demand for natural graphite by region and end-use,
2016 210
Table 118: World: Forecast demand for natural flake graphite by region and
end-use, 2016 211
Table 119: World: Forecast demand for synthetic graphite by region and end-use,
2016 212
Table 120: Major applications of primary and secondary natural and synthetic
graphite 214
Table 121: Typical characteristics of synthetic and natural graphites 216
Table 122: Natural graphite specifications by end-use 216
Table 123: Natural graphite specifications by end-use 217
Table 124: General specification of anode grade petroleum coke 218
Table 125: Typical specifications for calcined petroleum needle coke 218
Table 126: VAW: Physical properties of graphite electrodes for electric arc furnaces 219
Table 127: World: Main UHP (ultra high power) graphite electrode producers 221
Table 128: Energoprom: Estimated production of graphite and carbon products,
2006 to 2010 224
Table 129: World: Production of crude steel by region, 2001 to 2011 225
Table 130: World: Production of crude steel by process divided by region, 2010 227
Table 131: World: Estimated consumption of synthetic graphite electrodes for EAF
steelmaking, 1995 to 2011 229
Table 132: Timcal: Specifications of natural flake graphite used in refractories 234
Table 133: World: Specific consumption of refractories 241
Table 134: Japan: Production of refractories by type, 2002 to 2011 247
Table 135: Japan: Consumption of graphite in refractories, 2002 to 2011 247
Table 136: India: Production of refractories by type, 2001/02 to 2005/06 248
Table 137: Spain: Production of refractories by type, 2005 to 2011 251
Table 138: South America: Capacity and production of basic refractories by type,
form, and country, 2010 and 2011 252
Table 139: USA: Shipments of refractories by type, 2003 to 2010 253
Table 140: World: Identified producers of magnesia/alumina-carbon brick, 2012 254
Table 141: RHI: Estimated basic refractories production capacity by plant, 2012 257
Table 142: LWB Refractories: Details of refractory plants, 2012 263
Table 143: Russia: Production of magnesia refractories by company, 2000 to 2008 268
Table 144: Nikomogneupor: Production of magnesia and other refractories, 2000
to 2008 268
Table 145: Ukraine: Production of magnesia refractory products by company, 2000
to 2008 270
Table 146: World: Regional steel production carried out by continuous casting,
2001 to 2010 274
Table 147: Comparison of the gas analysis of synthetic graphite with Desulco®,
and calcined petroleum coke carbon raiser materials 284
Table 148: Zhenjiang Coking & Gas Group: Specifications of carbon raiser
products 284
Table 149: Asbury Carbons: Details of lubricants containing graphite 287
Table 150: World: Principal producers of synthetic graphite shapes: isostatic,
extruded and moulded, 2012 292
Table 151: World: Production of castings by main countries, 2010 299
Table 152: Major uses of graphite in batteries and fuel cells 302
Table 153: Asbury Carbons: Specification of carbon products for batteries 303
Table 154: Japan: Sales of batteries by type, 1990 to 2011 306
Table 155: Japan: Production of small secondary batteries, 2007-2012 307
Table 156: North America: Domestic shipments of SLI batteries, 1995 to 2011 311
Table 157: World: Vehicle population by region/country, 2005 to 2011 311
Table 158: Nominal energy density of energy sources for use in automobiles 313
Table 159: World: Major HEV, PHEV and EV models, 2012 315
Table 160: World: Forecast production of cars and light vehicles 2011 to 2016 320
Table 161: World: Forecast production of HEVs, PHEVs and BHEVs, 2011 to 2020 320
Table 162: World: Estimated production of coated spherical graphite for use in
lithium-ion batteries by region, 2011 324
Table 163: Selected countries: Consumption of lead in batteries, 2000, 2005
and 2010 334
Table 164: Major fuel cell designs 336
Table 165: Typical specifications of graphite for friction materials 339
Table 166: Types of brake pad for cars and trucks 340
Table 167: Timcal: Typical specifications of TIMREX® natural angular flake and
microporous graphite for friction materials 340
Table 168: Timcal: Typical specifications of TIMREX® natural irregular spheroid
graphite for friction materials 340
Table 169: Timcal: Typical specifications of TIMREX® natural flake graphite for
friction materials 341
Table 170: World: Vehicle production by region, 2002 to 2011 343
Table 171: USA: Estimated unit consumption of graphite in brake linings of new
motor vehicles, 2001 to 2011 345
Table 172: Examples of applications for graphite in the glass industry 350
Table 173: Graphite applications in powder metallurgy and hard metals markets 354
Table 174: Asbury Carbons: Specifications of natural graphite for use in powder
metallurgy 355
Table 175: Asbury Carbons: Specifications of natural graphite for use in hard metals 355
Table 176: Timcal Graphite & Carbon: Specifications and applications of TIMREX
natural graphites for use in powder metallurgy and hard metals 356
Table 177: Timcal Graphite & Carbon: Specifications and applications of selected
TIMREX synthetic graphites for use in powder metallurgy and hard
metals 356
Table 178: China: Production of cemented carbides, 2002 to 2011 357
Table 179: Japan: Production of cemented carbide tools, 2002 to 2011 359
Table 180: Japan: Production of cemented carbide tools by end-use, 2005 to 2011 359
Table 181: Japan: Consumption of graphite in ultra-hard alloys, 2005 to 2011 359
Table 182: GrafTech International: GRAFOIL products 366
Table 183: Details of nuclear reactors in use, 2011 368
Table 184: World: Nuclear power reactors in operation and under construction,
March 2012 369
Table 185: China: Annual and cumulative increase in wind turbine capacity,
2000 to 2011 374
Table 186: World: Principal producers of carbon fibre, 2012 378
Table 187: Hexcel Corporation: Carbon fibre operations, 2012 381
Table 188: SGL Group: Financial results by region, 2011 382
Table 189: Carbon fibre characteristics and applications 386
Table 190: Price of natural flake graphite, 1984 to 2012 393
Table 191: Price of amorphous natural graphite powder (80-85% C), 1984 to 2012 394
Table 192: Year-end price of synthetic graphite1 (99.95% C), 2005 to 2011 405
Table 193: USA: Average value of imports for consumption of synthetic graphite
electrodes, by country, 2009 and 2010 410
Table 194: USA: GrafTech synthetic graphite electrodes and pins pricing table for
deliveries before 31 December 2012 411
List of Figures
Figure 1: World: Estimated consumption of natural graphite by region, 2004 to 2011 5
Figure 2: Natural graphite manufacturing process 16
Figure 3: Synthetic graphite from petroleum coke - manufacturing process 26
Figure 4: World production of natural graphite by type, 2011 27
Figure 5: World: Production of natural graphite by region, 2004 to 2011 30
Figure 6: Austria: Imports of natural graphite by country of origin, 2002 to 2011 45
Figure 7: China: Production of natural graphite compared to Chinese and global production of crude steel, 2004 to 2012 60
Figure 8: China: Exports of natural graphite by country, 2004 to 2011 66
Figure 9: China: Average value of exports of natural graphite by major countries of destination, 1995 to 2011 68
Figure 10: China: Comparison of average value of imports and exports, 2002 to 2011 68
Figure 11: China: Imports of natural graphite by country, 2004 to 2011 69
Figure 12: North Korea: Inferred exports of natural graphite by country of
destination, 2004 to 2011 102
Figure 13: North Korea: Average value of inferred exports to China, 2000 to 2011 102
Figure 14: Norway: Inferred exports of natural graphite by country of destination,
2000 to 2011 111
Figure 15: Russia: Imports of natural graphite by country of origin, 2000 to 2011 114
Figure 16: Sri Lanka: Exports of natural graphite by country of destination, 2000
to 2011 116
Figure 17: Sri Lanka: Quantity and average value of exports to selected countries,
2011 117
Figure 18: USA: Imports of natural graphite by country, 2004 to 2011 127
Figure 19: World: Difference between reported exports and imports of natural
graphite by type, 2002 to 2011 136
Figure 20: Reported exports of natural graphite by type, 1995 to 2011 137
Figure 21: World: Exports of natural graphite by major country,, 2002 to 2011 137
Figure 22: China: Exports of natural graphite by region, 1995 to 2011 142
Figure 23: China: Exports of natural flake graphite by region, 1997 to 2011 145
Figure 24: China: Exports of natural non-flake graphite by region, 1995 to 2011 147
Figure 25: Reported imports of natural graphite by type, 1995 to 2011 148
Figure 26: World: Reported imports of natural graphite by major country, 2002
to 2011 148
Figure 27: Japan: Imports of natural graphite by main countries, 1994 to 2011 153
Figure 28: World: Differences between reported exports and imports of synthetic
graphite by type, 2002 to 2011 159
Figure 29: World: Differences between reported exports and imports of carbon electrodes of
a kind used for furnaces, 2002 to 2011 160
Figure 30: World: Reported exports of synthetic graphite by type, 2002 to 2011 161
Figure 31: World: Reported exports of carbon electrodes of a kind used for
furnaces, 2002 to 2011 162
Figure 32: World: Exports of artificial graphite by main country, 2002 to 2011 163
Figure 33: World: Exports of colloidal or semi-colloidal synthetic graphite by main
country, 2002 to 2011 163
Figure 34: World: Exports of carbonaceous pastes for electrodes and furnace
linings by main country, 2002 to 2011 164
Figure 35: World: Exports of preparations based on synthetic graphite, 2002
to 2011 164
Figure 36: World: Reported imports of synthetic graphite by type, 2002 to 2011 178
Figure 37: World: Reported imports of artificial graphite by main country, 2002
to 2011 179
Figure 38: USA: Imports of carbon electrodes of a kind used for furnaces by main
country, 1995 to 2011 184
Figure 39: World: Estimated consumption of natural graphite by region, 2004
to 2011 196
Figure 40: World: Estimated consumption of natural graphite by region, 2004
to 2011 197
Figure 41: World: Estimated consumption of synthetic graphite by region, 2011 198
Figure 42: Brazil: Consumption of beneficiated natural graphite by end-use, 2008 200
Figure 43: China: Consumption of natural graphite by end-use, 2008 and 2012 201
Figure 44: USA: Trade in natural graphite, 1990 to 2011 203
Figure 45: USA: Imports of natural graphite by type, 1990 to 2011 204
Figure 46: USA: Comparison of average values of imports and exports of natural
graphite, 1990 to 2011 204
Figure 47: USA: Apparent consumption of natural graphite, 1975 to 2011 205
Figure 48: USA: Reported consumption of natural graphite by type, 1993 to 2010 206
Figure 49: USA: Reported consumption of natural graphite by end-use, 1975
to 2010 208
Figure 50: World: Market for natural and synthetic graphite, 2012 213
Figure 51: Production costs for synthetic graphite electrodes by component, 2012 220
Figure 52: World: Regional crude steel production, 2001 and 2011 226
Figure 53: China: Crude steel production compared to rest of world, 1992 to 2012 226
Figure 54: World: Production of crude steel by process, 1988 to 2010 228
Figure 55: World: Production of crude steel by leading companies, 2011 229
Figure 56: World: Production of crude steel by region and process route, 2010 231
Figure 57: World: Production of ferroalloys and silicon metal in EAFs by type, 2010 232
Figure 58: World: Estimated production of refractories by region and country,
2000 to 2011 240
Figure 59: China: Production and trade in refractories, 2006 to 2011 243
Figure 60: China: Production of refractories by type, 2006 to 2011 244
Figure 61: China: Production of refractories by province, 2011 244
Figure 62: China: Refractory production compared with flake graphite supply,
2004 to 2011 245
Figure 63: Japan: Production of shaped and unshaped refractories, 1980 to 2011 246
Figure 64: Europe: Production of refractories by type, 2003 to 2009 248
Figure 65: Europe: Sales of refractories by type, 2003 to 2010 249
Figure 66: Europe: Sales of refractory ceramic constructional goods, 1995 to 2010 250
Figure 67: Europe: Sales of refractory ceramic goods, 1995 to 2010 250
Figure 68: World: Estimated consumption of refractories by end-use, 2012 273
Figure 69: Price development of magnesia, bauxite and graphite, 2005 to 2011 275
Figure 70: World: Refined production of aluminium, copper, lead, nickel, tin and
zinc, 1970 to 2011 279
Figure 71: China: Refined production of aluminium, copper, lead, nickel, tin and
zinc, 2001 and 2011 280
Figure 72: China: Secondary production of aluminium, copper and lead, 2001
and 2011 280
Figure 73: USA: Reported consumption of natural graphite in refractories, 1993
to 2010 281
Figure 74: India: Reported consumption of natural graphite in crucibles and
refractories, 1999/00 to 2009/10 282
Figure 75: USA: Consumption of natural graphite in steelmaking, 1974 to 2010 285
Figure 76: USA: Reported consumption of natural graphite in lubricants, 1974
to 2010 289
Figure 77: World: Production of castings by type, 1998 to 2010 298
Figure 78: World: Regional production of castings, 2000 and 2010 298
Figure 79: China: Production of castings by type, 2000 to 2010 299
Figure 80: USA: Reported consumption of natural graphite in foundries and foundry
facings compared to castings production, 1974 to 2010 300
Figure 81: World: Battery market by value of major battery types, 2011 305
Figure 82: Japan: Sales of secondary (rechargeable) batteries by type, 1990
to 2011 307
Figure 83: Japan: Average values of secondary batteries by type, 2007-2012 308
Figure 84: World: Motor vehicle production by region, 2000 to 2011 310
Figure 85: World: Estimated cumulative HEV sales by region, 2011 314
Figure 86: World: Forecast sales of HEVs, PHEVs and BHEVs, 2011-2020 321
Figure 87: Production of spherical graphite 323
Figure 88: World: Lithium-ion battery production by country, 2000 to 2011 330
Figure 89: World: Division of lithium-ion battery production by major company, 2010 330
Figure 90: World: Production of motor vehicles by region, 2011 342
Figure 91: World: Production of motor vehicles by main countries, 2002 to 2011 342
Figure 92: USA: Reported consumption of natural graphite in brake linings, 1974
to 2010 344
Figure 93: USA: Consumption of graphite in brake linings compared to vehicle
production, 2001 to 2011 345
Figure 94: USA: Consumption of natural graphite in carbon products, 1993 to 2010 351
Figure 95: China: Production of cemented carbides by end-use, 2010 358
Figure 96: USA: Consumption of natural graphite in powder metallurgy, 1988
to 2010 360
Figure 97: USA: Consumption of natural graphite in rubber, 1993 to 2010 361
Figure 98: World: Market for carbon fibres, 2011 372
Figure 99: World: Market for carbon fibres, 2016 373
Figure 100: Carbon fibre production: A cost calculation model for 50k fibre, 2012 375
Figure 101: Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor manufacturing process 375
Figure 102: Carbon fibre manufacturing process 376
Figure 103: Materials used in the airframes of the MD80 and B787 385
Figure 104: Average value of natural flake graphite exports, by major exporters,
1995 to 2012 391
Figure 105: Europe: Average price of natural graphite by type, 2003 to 2012 392
Figure 106: Europe: Average price of medium size flake natural graphite by grade,
2003 to 2012 392
Figure 107: China: Exports of graphite compared to average value of exports,
1995 to 2012 398
Figure 108: China: Average value of natural graphite exports by type, 1997 to 2011 399
Figure 109: China: Average value of flake graphite exports by main countries,
1997 to 2011 400
Figure 110: China: Average value of powder graphite exports by main countries,
1997 to 2008 400
Figure 111: USA: Average value of imports of natural graphite by main country,
1990 to 2011 401
Figure 112: Japan: Average value of imports of natural graphite by type, 1994
to 2011 402
Figure 113: Average unit value of exports of artificial graphite, by major exporters,
2000 to 2011 405
Figure 114: Average unit value of exports of colloidal or semi-colloidal graphite,
by major exporters, 2000 to 2011 406
Figure 115: Average unit value of exports of carbonaceous pastes for electrodes
and similar pastes for furnace linings, by major exporters, 2000 to 2011 406
Figure 116: Average unit value of exports of preparations based on graphite
by major exporters, 2000 to 2011 407
Figure 117: Average unit value of exports of carbon electrodes of a kind used for
furnaces, by major exporters, 2000 to 2011 407
Figure 118: China: Exports of artificial graphite compared to average value of
exports, 2000 to 2011 409
Figure 119: China: Average value of synthetic graphite exports by type, 2000
to 2011 409
Figure 120: USA: Average value of imports of synthetic graphite electrodes by
main country, 2000 to 2011 410
SOURCE Roskill Information Services