How The Impact Of Illicit Drugs Changes Economies, Governance And The Social Fabric In Many Countries
LONDON, Nov. 6, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- The illicit drugs trade is now so powerful that it is virtually shaping the economies, governance and social fabric of entire nations, says a new report commissioned by Christian Aid.
The huge profits to be made have rendered some of those involved in the production, shipment and sale of illicit drugs virtually immune from prosecution, able to expand and distribute rewards to those they favour across national boundaries.
The report, Drugs and Illicit Practices, assessing their impact on development and governance, examines four countries where an increasingly active drugs trade has begun to affect development.
The countries are Afghanistan, which produces opium, and Colombia, where cocaine is manufactured, together with two major transit points for narcotics, Mali, from where cocaine from South America is moved north into Western Europe, and Tajikistan, through which heroin passes en route to more lucrative markets in Russia, and Eastern and Western Europe.
The report shows how in each case, key state functions have effectively been subverted by the scale of the trade, citing instances where drug networks have become providers of much-needed jobs and investment, drug barons have been elected to government office and criminal syndicates serve as shadow sub-contractors of state security.
The report has been produced by Christian Aid to broaden the debate on drugs policies worldwide prior to a special session of the United Nations General Assembly early next year to discuss the global drugs problem. It is a collection of case studies published in the names of its independent authors, with the views expressed not necessarily endorsed by Christian Aid.
Eric Gutierrez, Christian Aid's Senior Adviser Accountable Governance, said today: "All development agencies are today confronted in numerous countries where they work with the impact the profits from drugs have on the lives of the people. It is clear that the old strategies such as the war on drugs are simply not working.
"This new report suggests that the commerce in illicit drugs can no longer be treated as something apart, akin to a malignant tumour that can be isolated and surgically removed from a healthy body.
"The 'tumour' has become an almost necessary part of the body whole, rendering conventional treatments ineffective. Removal could cause certain organs to fail.
"New cures need to be considered. Dealing with illicit drugs cannot solely be a matter for law enforcement. The drugs trade is a reality in many countries where development agencies work. We need to be involved in finding solutions that work.
"The options that development agencies could consider are not limited to prohibition or legalisation," added Mr Gutierrez.
"Bolivia has championed a 'yes to coca, no to cocaine' option. Portugal has been successful in reducing both drug abuse and drug-related crime by treating drug possession for personal use an administrative offence, rather than a criminal felony. The Czech Republic follows an approach whereby public health bodies, social services, and local communities are involved, not just the police, in dealing with drug issues."
Among the report's findings is that many poor households have come to rely on opium poppy or coca growing not only as their sole source of income, but often their only way of finding some form of protection from violence. In addition, poor households living outside the reach of governments would prefer to be complicit with the drug lords they know, rather than expose themselves to lawlessness from other criminals they don't.
The case study on Afghanistan, updated from an original report by the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, shows how the well-intentioned Food Zone initiative – where farmers are weaned away from opium poppy and subsidised to grow food crops in well-irrigated fields instead – inadvertently made things worse. The programme triggered the mass migration of land-poor households out of the Food Zone and into the desert, where they opened more fields for opium poppy cultivation.
The case study on Colombia shows how drug traffickers took advantage of the franchise sold by the Autodefensas Unidades de Colombia or AUC, the country's federation of counter-guerrilla paramilitary groups which gave the buyer the right to use the AUC name, insignias, and official ranks and titles. The buyers could avoid criminal charges and extradition on drug charges to the US, because they could claim that their drug-trafficking was a form of fund-raising for a political cause.
The case study on Mali offers insights into how the commerce in cocaine corrupted governance institutions to a point where local communities found it difficult to distinguish whether state agents were behaving like criminals, or criminals were behaving like the state.
And the case study on Tajikistan investigates the paradox of how the heroin trade – usually regarded as a sign of state weakness, a source of conflict and violence, and a cause of corruption and bad governance – has arguably become a source of stability. When state institutions were too weak to impose and maintain order, compromises were developed with organised criminal organisations to maintain order in areas where they were in effective control.
Next April's meeting of the United Nations General Assembly to discuss the global drugs problem is being held three years ahead of schedule at the request of Colombia, Guatemala and Mexico, which have called for more effective responses to drug trafficking.
In a joint statement urging the UN to address the situation as a matter of urgency, the three governments said "transnational organised crime and in particular the violence it generates… present a serious problem that compromises the development, security and democratic coexistence of all nations.
"It is urgent to review the approach so far maintained by the international community on drugs, in order to stop the flow of money from the illicit drug market."
They added: "Nations should intensify their efforts to further strengthen the institutions and policies of each country in the prevention and punishment of crime, their social programs in education, health, leisure and employment, as well as prevention and treatment of addictions to preserve social fabric."
The reports and their writers are:
- Inadvertent Impact: Heroin and stability in Tajikistan by Filippo de Danieli, who received his PhD from the SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies) in London in 2010. His research was on the political economy of drug trafficking in Tajikistan. He has since worked for three years with CESVI, an Italian development NGO, on a project in northern Tajikistan. Currently, he is part of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe's Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine.
- The Power of Drug Money in Mali by Christina Anderson, a research and communications consultant, working out of Geneva, Switzerland. She has worked for international aid organisations in Latin America, Europe and southern Africa for over 15 years. Her case study was independently commissioned by the Joliba Trust as a policy and advocacy paper for its own use, but subsequently contributed to Christian Aid's research. Joliba Trust supports grassroots development work with farming and cattle-raising communities in central Mali.
- Eyes (Still) Wide Shut: Counternarcotics in transition in Afghanistan by David Mansfield and Paul Fishstein. This case study is a republication of the original version published by the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) in September 2013, and is reproduced with permission. David Mansfield received his PhD from SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies) in London in 2014. He has undertaken fieldwork on the role of opium poppy in Afghanistan for 17 consecutive growing seasons. Paul Fishstein is an independent consultant who was a former director of AREU, whose Afghanistan experience goes back to 1977.
- Legalising the Illegal in Colombia: Criminals as political actors by Jacobo Grajales, Associate Professor at the University of Lille (France), in the Center for European Research on Administration, Politics and Society. His doctoral research (at Sciences Po Paris) concerned the relation between paramilitary groups and the state in Colombia. He is currently working on a comparative project on the links between security and agrarian development politics.
- Drugs and Illicit Practices: Assessing their impact on development and governance by Eric Gutierrez, Senior Adviser on Accountable Governance at Christian Aid. He has published on the role of criminal entrepreneurs in conflict situations, and is currently working on his PhD at the International Institute of Social Studies at The Hague, doing research on opium and coca commodity chains.
The report is at this link: http://www.christianaid.org.uk/Images/Drugs-and-illicit-practices-Eric-Gutierrez-Oct-2015.pdf
Contact
Andrew Hogg
Head of Media, Christian Aid
+44 (0) 207 523 2058/+44 (0) 7872 350534
ahogg@christian-aid.org
Notes to Editors:
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