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China Drives Global Growth for Calcium Carbonate Demand


News provided by

Roskill Information Services Ltd

10 May, 2012, 13:57 GMT

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LONDON, May 10, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --

Ground and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate: Global industry markets and outlook, 2012 (1st Edition)

The focus of the calcium carbonate industry is changing.  Demand and production levels are rising in Asia as the more traditional markets of Europe and North America face their own challenges.  Asia is now the fastest growing regional market for ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), mainly driven by the expansion in the Chinese paper and plastics sectors. According to the latest report from Roskill, in total, the region consumed almost half of the GCC and PCC global demand of 74Mt in 2011, with China alone taking over 20%.

Paper remains the primary market

The use of calcium carbonate by the paper industry has grown significantly in recent years, in part reflecting an overall increase in paper production. Paper output in Asia rose by nearly 6%py over the past decade aided by the construction of new large scale paper mills. Demand for GCC and PCC also grew because of increased mineral loadings in paper to reduce consumption of more expensive pulp and to meet the rising demand for high-brightness paper.

The plastics industry is the second largest market for calcium carbonate and the Asian region leads the world in terms of consumption. Roskill estimates that just under 60% of global GCC consumption in plastics is in Asia and for PCC, this share is even higher at over 85%.  These figures reflect the increasing concentration of the plastics industry in Asia and the fact that PCC has been used in the Chinese industry for far longer than GCC.

PVC providing growth momentum in China

Both minerals are widely used as fillers in rigid PVC, which is produced in large amounts (over 36Mt in 2010) and often has high mineral loadings. Growth in PVC demand in industrialised countries was adversely affected by the recession in the construction industry in the late 2000s.  Chinese PVC production, however, has risen by an average of 17%py over the last decade and by 2010, Chinese companies accounted for over 40% of world PVC capacity.

GCC capacity widespread

Global combined capacity for GCC and PCC is over 100Mtpy.  GCC capacity is estimated to exceed over 80Mtpy and located in 70 countries, reflecting the wide availability of marble and limestone raw materials.  Capacity exceeds 2Mtpy in only eight countries and is highest in China (20Mtpy) and the USA (>14Mtpy), followed by Spain (3.7Mtpy) and Norway (3.2Mtpy).  PCC capacity is more concentrated than that of GCC on a national level, with the total PCC capacity identified by Roskill as over 17Mtpy, with China accounting for nearly half and the USA for a further 17%.

The calcium carbonate industry is characterised by a few multinational producers and thousands of often very small producers. Twelve companies control around half of  global GCC and PCC capacity.  The three leading producers (Omya, Imerys and MTI) together holding over 40% of GCC capacity and 35% of PCC capacity.  

China leading growth in output

Growth in GCC and PCC output in recent years has been led by China.  GCC production did not start in China until the 1990s but its share of global calcium carbonate output is forecast to rise to over 70% in the next few years.  Combined production of GCC and PCC in China grew by 7%py between 2008 and 2011, equally divided between the two forms.  Much of the recent increase in output was of dry ground calcium carbonate (DGCC), which is used in plastics.  Over the last decade, a number of very large paper mills have come on-stream between Anqing and Shanghai that have satellite wet ground calcium carbonate (WGCC) plants based on marble feedstock from local deposits.  

Asia to account for over 50% of global demand by 2016

Overall world demand for GCC and PCC is forecast to rise by just over 3%py from 74Mt in 2011 to 90Mt in 2016.  Continuing the pattern seen over the past few years, growth in terms of geographical area will be led by Asia.  By 2016, Asia is projected to account for 52% of the forecast world total consumption compared with 48% in 2011.

Growth in terms of end use markets will still be led by the paper and plastics industries. The paper industry will remain the leading market for both forms of calcium carbonate through to 2016.  Growth in this market is forecast at 3.1%py, with strong growth in Asia, driven by rising paper production and higher filler loadings. This will be partially offset by lower growth in industrialised countries where there is surplus papermaking capacity and rising use of digital media.  Growth in PCC demand is likely to be slightly higher than for GCC.

 In the plastics industry, growth in combined world demand for GCC and PCC is projected to rise at nearly 5%py through to 2016.  Nearly 80% of additional demand through to 2016 will be located in Asia, mainly in China where over 10Mtpy of new PVC capacity is planned to come on-stream over the next few years.  By 2016, China and India are together estimated to account for more than 45% of world PVC demand.

Ground and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate: Global industry markets and outlook, 1st Edition, 2012 is available at £3500 / US$5800 / €4600 from Roskill Information Services Ltd, 54 Russell Road, London SW19 1QL ENGLAND. Tel: +44-20-8417-0087. Fax +44-20-8417-1308 Email: info@roskill.co.uk   Web: http://www.roskill.com/reports/industrial-minerals/ground-and-precipitated-calcium-carbonate-1 

Note to editors

For further information on this report, please contact Alison Saxby (alison@roskill.co.uk ).  To be added to our press distribution list, please contact Isobel Jarvis (Isobel@roskill.co.uk ).

    Ground and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate: Global industry markets and
    outlook
    Table of Contents
 
                        1 Summary                                            1
 
                          Types, resources and chemistry of calcium
                        2 carbonate rocks                                    7
                      2.1 Types of carbonate rocks                           7
    2.1.1                 Limestone                                          8
    2.1.2                 Chalk                                              8
    2.1.3                 Marble                                             8
    2.1.4                 Dolomite                                           8
                          Resources and mining of calcium carbonate
                      2.2 rocks                                              9
 
                        3 Processing of ground calcium carbonate            12
                      3.1 Processing methods for GCC                        13
    3.1.1                 Dry processing ground calcium carbonate           15
    3.1.2                 Wet processing ground calcium carbonate           15
 
                          Processing of precipitated calcium
                        4 carbonate                                         18
                      4.1 Carbonation process                               18
                      4.2 Solvay process                                    21
                      4.3 Lime-soda process                                 21
                      4.4 CalciTech process                                 22
                      4.5 Filler recycling                                  22
                          Council for Scientific and Industrial
                      4.6 Research (CSIR)                                   23
                      4.7 Grades of PCC                                     24
 
                          Chemical and physical properties of GCC and
                        5 PCC                                               26
 
                        6 World GCC and PCC capacity and production         29
                      6.1 Control of GCC and PCC capacity by company        33
                      6.2 GCC and PCC expansions and projects               34
                      6.3 World production of GCC and PCC                   35
 
                          Production of GCC and PCC by country and
                        7 company                                           38
                      7.1 Albania                                           38
                      7.2 Algeria                                           38
                      7.3 Argentina                                         38
    7.3.1                 Producers of calcium carbonate in Argentina       39
    7.3.1.1               Omya                                              39
    7.3.1.2               Imerys                                            40
    7.3.1.3               La Buena Esperanza SRL                            40
    7.3.1.4               Ceras San Juan SA                                 40
    7.3.1.5               SCR-Sibelco NV                                    40
    7.3.1.6               Cargas Minerales San Juan SA (Camisaju)           41
    7.3.1.7               Minera Cema SAICyF                                41
                      7.4 Australia                                         41
    7.4.1                 Producers of GCC in Australia                     41
    7.4.1.1               Omya                                              42
    7.4.1.2               SCR-Sibelco NV                                    42
    7.4.2                 Potential producers of GCC in Australia           43
    7.4.3                 Former producers of GCC in Australia              43
                      7.5 Austria                                           43
    7.5.1                 Producers of GCC and PCC in Austria               43
    7.5.1.1               Omya                                              44
    7.5.1.2               Alpha Calcit Füllstoff GmbH & Company KG          45
                          Mühlendorfer Kreidefabrik Margit
    7.5.1.3               Hoffmann-Ostenhof KG                              45
    7.5.1.4               Solvay Advanced Functional Minerals (SAFM)        45
    7.5.1.5               Schaefer Kalk GmbH                                46
                      7.6 Bangladesh                                        46
                      7.7 Belgium                                           46
    7.7.1                 Producers of GCC in Belgium                       46
    7.7.1.1               Imerys                                            47
    7.7.1.2               Omya                                              47
    7.7.1.3               Calcaires de la Sambre SA                         48
    7.7.1.4               SCR-Sibelco NV                                    48
                      7.8 Bolivia                                           48
                      7.9 Brazil                                            49
    7.9.1                 Producers of GCC and PCC in Brazil                49
    7.9.1.1               Imerys                                            51
    7.9.1.2               Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)          51
    7.9.1.3               Omya                                              52
                          Micron-Ita Indústria e Comércio de Minerais
    7.9.1.4               Ltda                                              53
    7.9.1.5               Mineração Braminex                                53
    7.9.1.6               Mineração Ouro Branco Limitada                    53
    7.9.1.7               SCR-Sibelco NV                                    53
    7.9.1.8               Mineração Bragao                                  53
    7.9.1.9               Lagos Industria Química                           53
    7.9.1.10              Quimvale                                          54
    7.9.1.11              Other producers of GCC and PCC in Brazil          54
                      7.1 Bulgaria                                          55
                     7.11 Canada                                            55
    7.11.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Canada                55
    7.11.1.1              Omya                                              56
    7.11.1.2              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)          56
    7.11.1.3              Imasco Minerals Incorporated                      57
    7.11.1.4              Graymont Limited                                  57
    7.11.1.5              Produits ALBA Incorporated                        58
    7.11.2                GCC projects in Canada                            58
    7.11.2.1              Arianne Resources Incorporated                    58
    7.11.2.2              Fortune Minerals Limited                          59
                     7.12 Chile                                             59
    7.12.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Chile                 59
    7.12.1.1              Omya                                              60
    7.12.1.2              SCR-Sibelco                                       60
    7.12.1.3              Other producers of GCC in Chile                   60
                     7.13 China                                             61
    7.13.1                Reserves of calcium carbonate in China            61
    7.13.2                Production of GCC and PCC in China                62
    7.13.2.1              Production of GCC in China                        63
    7.13.2.2              Production of PCC in China                        64
    7.13.3                Producers of GCC and PCC in China                 68
    7.13.3.1              Asia Pulp and Paper                               75
    7.13.3.2              Imerys                                            76
    7.13.3.3              Mae Lin Tai Chemical Company                      77
                          Guangxi Hezhou Kelong Micro-powder Company
    7.13.3.4              Limited                                           77
    7.13.3.5              Omya                                              78
    7.13.3.6              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)          78
                          Anhui Guofeng Non-Metallic High-Tech
    7.13.3.7              Materials Company
                          Limited                                           79
                          Guangxi Guilin Jinshan Chemical Company
    7.13.3.8              Limited                                           79
                          Shouguang Cailun Shenxing Fine Chemical
    7.13.3.9              Company Limited                                   79
    7.13.3.10             ShengdaTech Incorporated                          80
                          Dujiangyan Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.11             Limited                                           81
                          Guangdong Enping Jiawei Chemical Industry
    7.13.3.12             Company Limited                                   81
    7.13.3.13             Yanzhou Gaoxu Chemical Company Limited            82
    7.13.3.14             Shandong Changyun Calcium Industry Limited        82
                          Jiangxi Province Gaofeng Chemical Mineral
    7.13.3.15             Development
                          Company Limited                                   82
                          Fujian Sanmu Nano Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.16             Limited                                           83
                          Zhejiang Xuefeng Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.17             Limited                                           83
                          Zhejiang Changshan Longshan Calcium
    7.13.3.18             Carbonate Company
                          Limited                                           83
                          Jiangsu Changzhou Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.19             Limited                                           83
    7.13.3.20             Jiaozuo Xunfang Inorganic Chemical Plant          84
                          Sichuan Dujiangyan Yunyi Calcium Carbonate
    7.13.3.21             Company Limited                                   84
                          Zhejiang Jiande Jinchun Fine Calcium
    7.13.3.22             Company Limited                                   84
                          Jiangxi Taihua Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.23             Limited                                           84
                          Yixing Kanghui Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.24             Limited                                           84
    7.13.3.25             Tangshan Tianying Chemical Company Limited        85
                          Yixing Tianli Building Material and
    7.13.3.26             Chemical Company Limited                          85
    7.13.3.27             Shandong Donggao Chemical Company Limited         85
                          Dangyang Shi Chang Banpo Calcium Company
    7.13.3.28             Limited                                           85
                          Guangxi Shanglin Man Ting Fang Calcium
    7.13.3.29             Carbonate Company
                          Limited                                           85
                          Jilin Tianze Nanometer Material Company
    7.13.3.30             Limited                                           86
                          Jingxing Huabei Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.31             Limited                                           86
    7.13.3.32             Jingxian Huahui Mining Company Limited            86
    7.13.3.33             Lida Micron Industry Company Limited              86
    7.13.3.34             Lih Hsiang Industrial Corporation                 86
    7.13.3.35             Shanghai Yaohua Nano-Tech Company Limited         87
    7.13.3.36             Tongling Yinben Minerals Company Limited          87
    7.13.3.37             Zhejiang Junxiang Mining Company Limited          87
                          Zhejiang Province Jiande City Zheng-Fa
    7.13.3.38             Enterprise Limited                                87
    7.13.3.39             Zibo Huaxin Chemical Company Limited              87
    7.13.3.40             Henan Keli New Materials Company Limited          88
                          Fujian Sannong Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.41             Limited                                           88
                          Changxing Jinshi Superfine Powder Chemical
    7.13.3.42             Company Limited                                   88
    7.13.3.43             Changzhou Calcium Carbonate Company Limited       88
                          Hebei Lude Chemical Industry Company
    7.13.3.44             Limited                                           88
                          Changxing Jinshi Superfine Powder Company
    7.13.3.45             Limited                                           89
                          Jiangxi Taihua Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.46             Limited                                           89
    7.13.3.47             Shanghai Calcium Carbonate Factory                89
    7.13.3.48             Jiangxi Guangyuan Chemical Company Limited        89
    7.13.3.49             Guilin Wangshan Chemical Company Limited          89
                          Fujian Yongding Fengyuan Light Calcium Carbonate
    7.13.3.50             Chemicals
                          Limited                                           90
                          Hebei Jingxing Chenglong Calcium Carbonate
    7.13.3.51             Company Limited                                   90
                          Hunan Leiyang Chaopai Chemical Company
    7.13.3.52             Limited                                           90
    7.13.3.53             Juxing Mineral Industry Company Limited           90
                          Quzhou Jinniu Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.54             Limited                                           90
    7.13.3.55             Shunxing Powder Company Limited                   91
    7.13.3.56             Micro Stone Group                                 91
    7.13.3.57             Fengyuan Calcium Carbonate Company Limited        91
                          Shanghai Xuanhu Industrial and Trade Development
    7.13.3.58             Company
                          Limited                                           91
                          Zhejiang Jiande Longhua Plastic Chemical
    7.13.3.59             Company Limited                                   91
                          Degao Powder Engineering Development
    7.13.3.60             Company Limited                                   92
    7.13.3.61             Fujian Longpu Light Calcium Factory               92
    7.13.3.62             Guneng Micrometric Material Company Limited       92
                          Jingxing County Huamao Calcium Carbonate
    7.13.3.63             Factory                                           92
                          Liaoyang Jinwang Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.64             Limited                                           92
                          Tianhe Paper Ground Calcium Carbonate
    7.13.3.65             Company Limited                                   92
    7.13.3.66             Xingcheng Ground Calcium Carbonate Factory        93
    7.13.3.67             Chanxing County Yufeng Micropowder Factory        93
                          Zhejiang Jiande Tianshi Calcium Carbonate
    7.13.3.68             Company Limited                                   93
                          Zibo Jinchuan Hongfeng Chemical Company
    7.13.3.69             Limited                                           93
                          Changshan Nanfang Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.70             Limited                                           93
                          Jiangxi Huaming Nanometer Calcium Carbonate
    7.13.3.71             Company
                          Limited                                           94
                          Yangzhou Qunxin Powder Materials Company
    7.13.3.72             Limited                                           94
                          Shijiazhuang Jingxing Huawang Calcium
    7.13.3.73             Carbonate Company
                          Limited                                           94
                          Dalian Keli Super Fine Powder Company
    7.13.3.74             Limited                                           94
                          Hangzhou Advanced Technological Chemical
    7.13.3.75             Company Limited                                   94
    7.13.3.76             Sanwhy Powder Materials Company Limited           95
                          Schaefer Kalk Calcium Carbonate (Hangzhou)
    7.13.3.77             Company Limited                                   95
                          Shijiazhuang Boda Calcium Industry Company
    7.13.3.78             Limited                                           95
                          Baoxing County Xuetao Powdered Whiting
    7.13.3.79             Factory                                           95
    7.13.3.80             Shanghai Da Yu Biochemistry Company Limited       95
    7.13.3.81             Five Circle Industrial Company Limited            96
    7.13.3.82             Huayi Industrial Company Limited                  96
                          Shanghai Okutama Calcium Carbonate Company
    7.13.3.83             Limited                                           96
    7.13.3.84             Longfa Superfine Powder Company Limited           96
                          Potential producers of calcium carbonate in
    7.13.4                China                                             96
                          Sichuan Yingjing Kaiquan Industrial Company
    7.13.4.1              Limited                                           96
    7.13.4.2              Fushun Yunaite Calcium Company Limited            97
                     7.14 Colombia                                          97
    7.14.1                Producers of GCC in Colombia                      97
    7.14.1.1              Omya                                              97
    7.14.1.2              SCR-Sibelco                                       98
                     7.15 Croatia                                           98
                     7.16 Cuba                                              98
                     7.17 Czech Republic                                    99
                          Producers of GCC and PCC in the Czech
    7.17.1                Republic                                          99
    7.17.1.1              Omya                                              99
    7.17.1.2              Schaefer Kalk GmbH & Company KG                  100
    7.17.1.3              Tonaso Holding a.s.                              100
    7.17.1.4              Vznik Kalcit s.r.o.                              100
                     7.18 Denmark                                          100
    7.18.1                Producers of GCC in Denmark                      100
    7.18.1.1              Omya                                             101
    7.18.1.2              Dankalk A/S                                      101
                     7.19 Dominican Republic                               102
                      7.2 Ecuador                                          102
                     7.21 Egypt                                            102
    7.21.1                Producers of GCC in Egypt                        102
    7.21.1.1              ASEC Company for Mining (ASCOM)                  103
    7.21.1.2              Omya                                             103
                     7.22 Finland                                          104
    7.22.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Finland              105
    7.22.1.1              Suomen Karbonaatti Oy                            106
    7.22.1.2              Omya                                             106
    7.22.1.3              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         107
    7.22.1.4              Schaefer Kalk GmbH and Company KG                108
                     7.23 France                                           108
    7.23.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in France               109
    7.23.1.1              Omya                                             110
    7.23.1.2              Provençale SA                                    110
    7.23.1.3              Imerys SA                                        111
    7.23.1.4              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         117
    7.23.1.5              Solvay Advanced Functional Minerals              117
    7.23.1.6              Scora SA                                         118
                     7.24 Germany                                          118
    7.24.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Germany              118
    7.24.1.1              Omya                                             119
    7.24.1.2              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         120
    7.24.1.3              Alpha Calcit Füllstoff GmbH and Company KG       121
    7.24.1.4              Geomin Erzgebirgische Kalkwerke GmbH             121
    7.24.1.5              Schön+Hippelein GmbH and Company KG              122
    7.24.1.6              Schaefer Kalk GmbH and Company KG                122
    7.24.1.7              Solvay Advanced Functional Minerals (SAFM)       123
    7.24.1.8              CalciTech Limited                                123
    7.24.1.9              FELS-Werke GmbH                                  123
    7.24.1.10             Dr Paul Lohmann GmbH KG                          124
                     7.25 Ghana                                            124
                     7.26 Greece                                           124
    7.26.1                Producers of GCC in Greece                       124
    7.26.1.1              Ionian Kalk S.A.                                 125
    7.26.1.2              Omya                                             125
    7.26.1.3              Microfill K. Zafranas SA                         126
    7.26.1.4              Dionyssosmarble SA                               126
                     7.27 Haiti                                            126
                     7.28 Hungary                                          126
                     7.29 India                                            127
    7.29.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in India                127
    7.29.1.1              20 Microns Limited                               129
    7.29.1.2              Minerals Technologies                            130
    7.29.1.3              Calchem Industries (India) Limited               131
    7.29.1.4              Gulshan Polyols Limited                          131
    7.29.1.5              Imerys                                           132
    7.29.1.6              Fimakem India Limited                            132
                          Marvelore Mining and Allied Industries (P)
    7.29.1.7              Limited                                          132
    7.29.1.8              Lime Chemicals Limited                           132
                          Shree Sai Calnates India Private Limited
    7.29.1.9              (SSCIPL)                                         133
    7.29.1.10             Omya                                             133
    7.29.1.11             Vimal Microns Limited                            133
    7.29.1.12             Wolkem India Limited                             133
    7.29.1.13             Savino Micron (India) Pvt Limited                134
    7.29.1.14             Aranthangi Chemical Products Limited             134
    7.29.1.15             Kunal Calcium Limited                            134
    7.29.1.16             Saurashtra Solid Industries Pvt Limited          134
    7.29.1.17             Alankar Mineral Industries                       135
    7.29.1.18             Chemical & Mineral Industries (Pvt) Limited      135
    7.29.1.19             Gangotri Inorganic (P) Limited                   135
    7.29.1.20             Jay Minerals                                     135
    7.29.1.21             Kalpana Minerals and Chemicals                   135
    7.29.1.22             Kotak Chemicals Limited                          135
                      7.3 Indonesia                                        136
    7.30.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Indonesia            136
    7.30.1.1              Asia Pulp and Paper (APP)                        137
    7.30.1.2              PT Camco Omya                                    137
    7.30.1.3              Imerys                                           138
    7.30.1.4              PT Supersonic Chemical Industries                138
    7.30.1.5              PT Inti Kalsium Indonesia                        138
    7.30.1.6              PT Finexco Prima                                 138
    7.30.1.7              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         139
    7.30.1.8              PT Bumi Kencana Murni Chemical Industry          139
    7.30.1.9              PT Light Calsindo Raya                           139
    7.30.1.10             PT Kalsitech Prima                               139
                     7.31 Iran                                             139
    7.31.1                Omya                                             140
    7.31.2                Iran Powder Manufacturing                        140
    7.31.3                Poudrsazan Industrial and Mineral Group          141
    7.31.4                Micronized Powder Company                        141
    7.31.5                Hadavi Corporation                               141
    7.31.6                Chemie Madani Hamadan Company                    141
    7.31.7                Other producers of GCC in Iran                   141
                     7.32 Israel                                           142
    7.32.1                M.P. Minerals and Marble                         142
    7.32.2                Omya                                             142
    7.32.3                K. G. Minerals                                   143
                     7.33 Italy                                            143
    7.33.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Italy                143
    7.33.1.1              Omya                                             144
    7.33.1.2              Imerys                                           145
    7.33.1.3              Mineraria Sacilese SpA                           146
    7.33.1.4              Umbria Filler srl                                146
    7.33.1.5              Alpha Micron srl                                 146
    7.33.1.6              Carbocalcio Cuneese SpA                          146
    7.33.1.7              Nuovo Industria Calcite e Marmi srl              147
    7.33.1.8              Nuova Sima srl                                   147
    7.33.1.9              Solvay                                           147
    7.33.1.10             Baslini SpA                                      147
                     7.34 Jamaica                                          147
    7.34.1                Producers of GCC in Jamaica                      148
    7.34.1.1              Lydford Mining Company                           148
    7.34.1.2              Hodges Minerals (Export) Limited                 149
                     7.35 Japan                                            149
    7.35.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Japan                149
    7.35.1.1              Fimatec Limited (FMT)                            151
    7.35.1.2              Bihoku Funka Kogyo Company Limited               152
    7.35.1.3              Nitto Funka Kogyo KK                             152
    7.35.1.4              Imerys                                           153
    7.35.1.5              Okutama Kogyo Company Limited                    153
    7.35.1.6              Maruo Calcium Company Limited                    154
    7.35.1.7              Oji Paper Group                                  154
    7.35.1.8              Calfine Company Limited                          154
    7.35.1.9              Takehara Kagaku Kogyo Company Limited            155
    7.35.1.10             Nippon Paper Group                               155
    7.35.1.11             Shiraishi Kogyo Kaisha Limited (SKK)             155
    7.35.1.12             Sankyo Seifun Company Limited                    156
    7.35.1.13             Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         156
    7.35.1.14             Mitsubishi Paper Mills Limited                   156
    7.35.1.15             Toyo Denka Kogyo Company Limited                 156
    7.35.1.16             Yabashi Industries Company Limited               157
                     7.36 Jordan                                           157
    7.36.1                Producers of GCC in Jordan                       157
    7.36.1.1              Jordan Minerals Establishment (JME)              157
    7.36.1.2              Omya                                             158
    7.36.1.3              Al-Ahlia Mining Company                          158
    7.36.1.4              National Carbonate Company                       158
    7.36.2                Future producers of GCC in Jordan                158
                     7.37 Kazakhstan                                       159
    7.37.1                Producers of GCC in Kazkhstan                    159
    7.37.1.1              LLP Zhartas                                      159
    7.37.1.2              JSC Zhambylgips                                  159
    7.37.1.3              LLP Kurylys Zhanar                               160
    7.37.2                Former producers of GCC in Kazakhstan            160
    7.37.3                Potential GCC projects in Kazakhstan             160
                     7.38 North Korea                                      160
                     7.39 South Korea                                      161
    7.39.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in South Korea          161
    7.39.1.1              Omya                                             162
    7.39.1.2              Taekyung Industrial Company Limited              163
    7.39.1.3              Kwang Sung Chemical Company                      163
    7.39.1.4              Baek Kwang Mineral Products Company Limited      163
    7.39.1.5              Solvay                                           164
                          Yabashi Limestone Techs Korea Company
    7.39.1.6              Limited                                          164
                      7.4 Macedonia                                        164
                     7.41 Malaysia                                         165
    7.41.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Malaysia             165
    7.41.1.1              Imerys                                           166
    7.41.1.2              Omya                                             166
    7.41.1.3              Calrock Sdn Bhd                                  167
    7.41.1.4              Kinta Powdertech Sdn Bhd                         167
    7.41.1.5              Zantat Sdn Bhd                                   167
    7.41.1.6              Takehara Kagaku Kogyo Company Limited            167
    7.41.1.7              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         167
    7.41.1.8              Schaefer Kalk GmbH and Company KG                168
    7.41.1.9              Syarikat Cheng Sun Quarry Sdn Bhd                168
    7.41.1.10             Calcium Carbonate Manufacturers Sdn Bhd          168
    7.41.1.11             HardRock Calcium Sdn Bhd                         168
    7.41.1.12             Mutual Way Lime Products Sdn Bhd                 168
    7.41.1.13             Nanocarb Technology Sdn Bhd                      169
    7.41.1.14             TKN Calcium Industries (M) Sdn. Bhd              169
    7.41.1.15             Umpan Global Malaysia Sdn Bhd                    169
                          Potential producers of GCC and PCC in
    7.41.2                Malaysia                                         169
                     7.42 Mexico                                           170
    7.42.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Mexico               170
    7.42.1.1              Omya                                             171
    7.42.1.2              Grupo Industrial Avalos Rubio                    171
    7.42.1.3              AT SA                                            172
    7.42.1.4              Molinas de Norte                                 172
    7.42.1.5              Estens Minerales no Metalicos                    172
    7.42.1.6              Orfo SA de CV                                    172
    7.42.1.7              Zacarias Grupo Industrial                        173
    7.42.1.8              Imerys                                           173
    7.42.1.9              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         173
    7.42.1.10             Inmin                                            173
    7.42.1.11             Grupo Materias Primas                            174
    7.42.2                S.A. Reverté                                     174
    7.42.2.1              Secadora Industrial SA (SECASA)                  174
                     7.43 Morocco                                          174
                     7.44 Netherlands                                      175
    7.44.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in the Netherlands      175
                     7.45 New Zealand                                      175
    7.45.1                Producers of GCC in New Zealand                  175
    7.45.1.1              Omya                                             176
    7.45.1.2              Holcim                                           176
                     7.46 Norway                                           176
    7.46.1                Producers of GCC in Norway                       177
    7.46.1.1              Omya                                             177
                     7.47 Oman                                             178
    7.47.1.1              Rima Carbonate Industries LLC                    178
                     7.48 Pakistan                                         179
                     7.49 Peru                                             179
                      7.5 Philippines                                      179
    7.50.1                Producers of GCC in the Philippines              179
    7.50.1.1              Teresa Marble Corporation                        180
    7.50.1.2              C & B Marble                                     180
                     7.51 Poland                                           180
    7.51.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Poland               181
    7.51.1.1              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         181
    7.51.1.2              Ciech SA                                         182
    7.51.1.3              Omya                                             182
    7.51.1.4              Other producers of GCC and PCC in Poland         182
                     7.52 Portugal                                         182
    7.52.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Portugal             182
    7.52.1.1              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         183
    7.52.1.2              Omya                                             183
                     7.53 Romania                                          184
    7.53.1                Producers of GCC in Romania                      184
                     7.54 Russia                                           184
    7.54.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Russia               184
    7.54.1.1              JSC Melstrom                                     186
    7.54.1.2              CJSC Koelgamramor                                187
    7.54.1.3              RIF Mikromramor                                  187
    7.54.1.4              JSC Ruslime                                      187
    7.54.1.5              Omya                                             188
    7.54.1.6              JSC Shebekinsky-Melovoy Zavod                    188
                          JSC Kopanishchensky Kombinat Stroitelnykh
    7.54.1.7              Materialov                                       189
    7.54.1.8              JSC Stroimaterialy                               189
    7.54.1.9              LLC Mramorprirodresurs                           189
    7.54.1.10             LLC Microkaltsit                                 189
    7.54.1.11             JSC Geokom                                       189
    7.54.1.12             JSC Balakovorezino-Tekhnika                      190
    7.54.1.13             JSC Uraltalk                                     190
    7.54.1.14             LLC Polygon-Service                              190
    7.54.2                Former producers of GCC in Russia                190
    7.54.2.1              JSC Stoilensky GOK                               191
    7.54.2.2              LLC Domedco Hakscly Limited                      191
    7.54.2.3              Baikalskiye Mineraly                             191
    7.54.3                Consumption of GCC in Russia                     191
                     7.55 Saudi Arabia                                     192
    7.55.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Saudi Arabia         192
    7.55.1.1              Saudi Carbonate Company Limited                  192
    7.55.1.2              Saudi Marble Company                             193
    7.55.1.3              Saudi Sand Lime Bricks & Building Company        193
    7.55.1.4              Al-Marbaie Group                                 193
                     7.56 Serbia                                           193
    7.56.1                Producers of GCC in Serbia                       194
    7.56.1.1              Omya                                             194
    7.56.1.2              MAT Produkt VinÄa                               194
                     7.57 Slovakia                                         194
    7.57.1.1              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         195
                     7.58 Slovenia                                         195
                     7.59 South Africa                                     195
    7.59.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in South Africa         195
    7.59.1.1              Idwala Industrial Holdings                       196
    7.59.1.2              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         196
                      7.6 Spain                                            196
    7.60.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Spain                197
    7.60.1.1              Omya                                             197
    7.60.1.2              SA Reverté                                       198
    7.60.1.3              Provençale SA                                    199
    7.60.1.4              Minera del Santo Ángel S.L.                      199
    7.60.1.5              Triturados Cálcicos SA (TRICALSA)                199
    7.60.1.6              Blancs Minerals de Pere Vidal SA                 199
    7.60.1.7              Minas Volcán SA                                  199
    7.60.1.8              Minerals i Derivats SA                           200
    7.60.1.9              Triturados Blanco Macael SA                      200
    7.60.1.10             Vicente Corona SA                                200
    7.60.1.11             Cales de Llierca SA                              200
                     7.61 Sweden                                           201
    7.61.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Sweden               201
    7.61.1.1              Imerys                                           202
    7.61.1.2              Omya                                             203
                     7.62 Switzerland                                      203
    7.62.1.1              Omya                                             203
                     7.63 Syria                                            207
                     7.64 Taiwan                                           208
    7.64.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Taiwan               208
    7.64.1.1              Lih Hsiang Industrial Corporation                209
    7.64.1.2              Formosa Plastics Corporation                     209
    7.64.1.3              Me Lin White-Stone Chemical Limited              210
    7.64.1.4              Omya                                             210
    7.64.1.5              Imerys                                           210
                          Yuncheng Chemical Industrial Company
    7.64.1.6              Limited                                          210
    7.64.1.7              Shuo Yang Enterprise Company Limited             211
                     7.65 Thailand                                         211
    7.65.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Thailand             211
    7.65.1.1              Surint Omya Chemicals                            212
    7.65.1.2              Calcium Products Company Limited                 212
    7.65.1.3              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         213
    7.65.1.4              Golden Lime Company Limited                      213
    7.65.1.5              Quality Minerals Public Company Limited          213
    7.65.1.6              Fimatec Limited                                  214
    7.65.1.7              Imerys                                           214
    7.65.1.8              Lime Quality Company Limited                     214
                     7.66 Tunisia                                          214
    7.66.1                Producers of GCC in Tunisia                      214
    7.66.1.1              Imerys                                           215
    7.66.1.2              Société de Fabrication de Poudre (SOFAP)         215
                          Broyage Ensachage et Production des
    7.66.1.3              Produits Chimiques
                          (BEPPC)                                          215
                     7.67 Turkey                                           215
    7.67.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Turkey               216
    7.67.1.1              Omya                                             217
                          Anadolu Mikronize Madencilik Sanayi ve
    7.67.1.2              Ticaret AS                                       217
    7.67.1.3              Esen Mikronize Maden Sanayi ve Ticaret AS        217
                          NiÄŸtaÅŸ Mikronize Kalsit Sanayi ve Ticaret
    7.67.1.4              AS                                               218
    7.67.1.5              Kombassan Group                                  218
    7.67.1.6              Imerys                                           219
    7.67.1.7              SinpaÅŸ Group                                    219
                          Erciyes Mikron Kireç ve TuÄŸla Kimya Sanayi
    7.67.1.8              AS                                               219
    7.67.1.9              Aydin Madencilik Limited AS                      219
    7.67.1.10             Meka Maden Sanayi ve Ticaret AS                  220
    7.67.1.11             NidaÅŸ Mikronize Kalsit AS                       220
    7.67.1.12             Barit Maden Türk AS                              220
                          Turmet Madencilik ve InÅŸaat Sanayi ve
    7.67.1.13             Ticaret Limited                                  220
                          Gülmer Mining Industry and Trade
    7.67.1.14             Incorporated                                     220
                     7.68 Uganda                                           221
                     7.69 Ukraine                                          221
    7.69.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Ukraine              221
                          CSJC Novgorod-Seversky plant of building
    7.69.1.1              materials                                        222
    7.69.1.2              LLC Industrial Union of Slavic Soda              222
    7.69.1.3              JSC Berezanskoe "Nedra"                          222
    7.69.1.4              SC Slavyansky Melo-Izvestkovy Zavod              222
    7.69.1.5              Private JSC Volcheyarovsky Melovoi Kar'er        223
    7.69.1.6              Reaktiv Limited                                  223
                      7.7 United Arab Emirates                             223
    7.70.1                General Mineral Industries Company LLC           224
    7.70.2                Emirates Calcium Carbonate Factory Limited       224
                     7.71 United Kingdom                                   224
    7.71.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in the UK               225
    7.71.1.1              Omya                                             225
    7.71.1.2              Minelco Limited                                  226
    7.71.1.3              Longcliffe Quarries Limited                      227
    7.71.1.4              Imerys Minerals Limited                          227
    7.71.1.5              Solvay Advanced Functional Minerals (SAFM)       228
    7.71.1.6              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         228
    7.71.1.7              Ben Bennett, Jr                                  228
                     7.72 Uruguay                                          228
                     7.73 USA                                              228
    7.73.1                Production of PCC in the USA                     229
    7.73.2                Producers of GCC and PCC in the USA              230
    7.73.2.1              Imerys                                           232
    7.73.2.2              Omya                                             234
    7.73.2.3              Minerals Technologies Incorporated (MTI)         235
    7.73.2.4              Huber Engineered Materials                       241
    7.73.2.5              Carmeuse Lime and Stone Limited                  242
    7.73.2.6              Lhoist                                           243
    7.73.2.7              CRH Limited                                      245
    7.73.2.8              Graymont Incorporated                            246
    7.73.2.9              Excalibar Minerals LLC                           246
    7.73.2.10             Mississippi Lime Company                         246
    7.73.2.11             Great Lakes Calcium Corporation                  247
    7.73.2.12             Gardenscape Incorporated                         247
    7.73.2.13             Vulcan Materials Company                         247
    7.73.2.14             Finch Paper LLC                                  248
    7.73.2.15             Cerne Calcium Carbonate LLC                      248
    7.73.2.16             Linwood Mining & Minerals Corporation            248
    7.73.3                Potential GCC operations in the USA              248
                     7.74 Venezuela                                        249
                     7.75 Vietnam                                          249
    7.75.1                Producers of GCC and PCC in Vietnam              249
                          Vietnam Mineral Powder Joint Stock Company
    7.75.1.1              (VMPC)                                           250
                          Yen Bai Cement and Minerals Joint Stock
    7.75.1.2              Company                                          250
    7.75.1.3              Asia Minerals Joint Stock Company (AMC)          251
    7.75.1.4              Minh Duc Chemical Stockshare Company             251
                          Vietnam Construction and Import-Export Joint Stock
    7.75.1.5              Corporation
                          (Vinaconex)                                      251
    7.75.1.6              Vinafame Company Limited                         251
                          Huu Nghi Production-Trading Joint Stock
    7.75.1.7              Company                                          252
                          Surint Omya Chemicals (Vietnam) Company
    7.75.1.8              Limited                                          252
    7.75.1.9              Mien Trung Minerals Joint Stock Company          252
    7.75.1.10             Imerys                                           252
    7.75.1.11             Lien Hiep Company Limited                        253
    7.75.1.12             Nam Trung Nghe An Joint Stock Company            253
                          Ho Chi Minh City Chemical Joint Stock
    7.75.1.13             Company                                          253
    7.75.1.14             Mong Son Joint Stock Company                     253
    7.75.2                GCC and PCC projects in Vietnam                  253
    7.75.2.1              Vietnam Mining Corporation (VNMC)                254
    7.75.2.2              Cavico Industry and Minerals                     254
                     7.76 Zambia                                           254
 
                        8 International trade in GCC and PCC               255
                      8.1 World trade in calcium carbonate                 256
    8.1.1                 US trade in PCC                                  259
                          World trade in marble granules, chipping
                      8.2 and powder                                       259
 
                        9 World consumption of GCC and PCC                 264
                          World consumption of GCC by region and end
                      9.1 use                                              264
                          World consumption of PCC by region and end
                      9.2 use                                              265
                      9.3 Consumption of GCC and PCC in China              265
 
                       10 Forecast demand for GCC and PCC                  267
                     10.1 Forecast demand for GCC                          267
                     10.2 Forecast demand for PCC                          268
 
                       11 Applications for calcium carbonate               270
 
                       12 Use of calcium carbonate in paper                271
                     12.1 Types of paper                                   271
                          Competing filler and coating pigments in
                     12.2 paper manufacture                                272
    12.2.1                Physical properties of paper pigments            274
                     12.3 Paper filling                                    275
                     12.4 Paper coating                                    276
                     12.5 World production of paper                        277
    12.5.1                World production of paper and paperboard         279
                     12.6 Leading manufacturers of paper                   285
    12.6.1                International Paper                              285
    12.6.2                Stora Enso                                       286
    12.6.3                UPM-Kymmene                                      288
                          Paper mills with satellite calcium
                     12.7 carbonate plants                                 290
                     12.8 World consumption of paper and paperboard        293
                     12.9 Consumption of minerals in paper                 294
                     12.1 Consumption of GCC and PCC in paper              299
                    12.11 Future demand for GCC and PCC in paper           300
 
                       13 Use of calcium carbonate in plastics             304
                          Use of extender and filler minerals in
                     13.1 plastics                                         304
                     13.2 The plastics industry                            307
                     13.3 World production and demand for plastics         308
                     13.4 Use of calcium carbonate in plastics             312
                          Use of calcium carbonate in polyvinyl
    13.4.1                chloride (PVC)                                   313
    13.4.1.1              World PVC capacity                               313
    13.4.1.2              Main producers of PVC                            314
    13.4.1.3              World demand for PVC                             315
                          Use of calcium carbonate in polypropylene
    13.4.2                (PP)                                             317
    13.4.2.1              Demand for polypropylene                         318
                          Use of calcium carbonate in polyethylene
    13.4.3                (PE)                                             319
                     13.5 Consumption of GCC and PCC in plastics           320
                     13.6 Future demand for GCC and PCC in plastics        323
 
                       14 Use of calcium carbonate in paint                326
                     14.1 Components of paint                              326
                          Use of extender and filler minerals in
                     14.2 paint                                            326
                     14.3 Structure of the world paint industry            328
                     14.4 Regional markets for architectural paint         329
    14.4.1                Shipments of paint in the USA                    330
    14.4.2                Production of paint in Japan                     332
                     14.5 Consumption of GCC and PCC in paint              333
                     14.6 Future demand for GCC and PCC in paint           334
 
                       15 Use of calcium carbonate in rubber               336
                          Use of filler and extender minerals in
                     15.1 rubber                                           336
                     15.2 Use of GCC and PCC in rubber                     337
                     15.3 Producers of GCC and PCC for use in rubber       338
                     15.4 World production of synthetic rubber             339
    15.4.1                World consumption of synthetic rubber            341
                     15.5 Production of natural rubber                     342
                     15.6 Consumption of natural rubber                    343
                     15.7 Consumption of GCC and PCC in rubber             343
                     15.8 Forecast demand for GCC and PCC in rubber        344
 
                          Use of calcium carbonate in adhesives and
                       16 sealants                                         345
                          Adhesive and sealant formulations and
                     16.1 components                                       345
                          Use of filler and extender minerals in
                     16.2 adhesives and sealants                           345
                          Producers of calcium carbonate for use in
                     16.3 adhesives and sealants                           346
                     16.4 Production of adhesives and sealants             347
                     16.5 Markets for adhesives and sealants               349
                          Consumption of GCC and PCC in adhesives and
                     16.6 sealants                                         350
                          Future demand for GCC and PCC in adhesives
                     16.7 and sealants                                     350
 
                       17 Other applications for GCC and PCC               351
                     17.1 Carpet backing                                   351
                     17.2 Pharmaceuticals and food                         352
                     17.3 Oilfield minerals                                353
                     17.4 Cultured marble                                  354
                     17.5 Toothpaste                                       355
                     17.6 Rotogravure printing inks                        356
                     17.7 Roof shingles                                    357
                     17.8 Cement and concrete                              357
                     17.9 Environmental uses                               357
                          Consumption of GCC and PCC in other
                     17.1 applications                                     358
                          Future demand for GCC and PCC in other
                    17.11 applications                                     359
 
                       18 Prices of GCC and PCC                            360
                     18.1 Prices of GCC                                    361
                     18.2 Published increases in GCC prices                363
                     18.3 Prices of PCC                                    364
                     18.4 Announced increases in PCC prices                366
 
    List of tables
 
                          Page
 
    Table 1: World: Calcium carbonate deposits containing >25Mt of
    estimated resources, 2012                                       9
    Table 2: Chemistry
    and brightness of
    different types of
    natural calcium
    carbonate                                                      10
    Table 3: Examples
    of calcium
    carbonate used in
    GCC production                                                 12
    Table 4: Particle
    size range for GCC
    by processing route                                            13
    Table 5: Particle
    size range for
    different GCC
    applications by
    likely processing
    route                                                          14
    Table 6: Chemical
    composition of GCC
    products                                                       26
    Table 7: Chemical
    composition of PCC
    products by process                                            26
    Table 8: Properties
    of calcium
    carbonate fillers                                              27
    Table 9: Properties
    of calcium
    carbonate pigments                                             27
    Table 10: World: Estimated GCC and PCC 
    capacity by region, country and
    type, 2012                                                     31
    Table 11: World:
    Identified GCC and
    PCC capacity by
    main companies,
    2012                                                           33
    Table 12: World:
    GCC capacity
    controlled by main
    companies, 2012                                                34
    Table 13: World:
    PCC capacity
    controlled by main
    companies, 2012                                                34
    Table 14: GCC and
    PCC projects and
    expansions                                                     35
    Table 15: Selected
    countries:
    Production of GCC,
    2002 to 2011                                                   36
    Table 16: Selected
    countries:
    Production of PCC,
    2002 to 2011                                                   36
    Table 17:
    Argentina: Details
    of GCC and PCC
    producers, 2012                                                39
    Table 18: Imerys:
    Details of PCC
    plants in
    Argentina, 2012                                                40
    Table 19:
    Australia: Details
    of GCC operations,
    2012                                                           41
    Table 20: Austria:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                           44
    Table 21: Belgium:
    Details of calcium
    carbonate
    producers, 2012                                                47
    Table 22:
    SCR-Sibelco:
    Details of calcium
    carbonate
    operations, 2012                                               48
    Table 23: Brazil:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC producers, 2012                                            50
    Table 24: Brazil:
    MTI: Details of PCC
    plants, 2012                                                   52
    Table 25: Canada:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                           56
    Table 26: Graymont:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                           57
    Table 27: Chile:
    Production of
    coquina and white
    calcium carbonate,
    2001 to 2010                                                   59
    Table 28: Chile:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                           60
    Table 29: Chile:
    Other producers of
    calcium carbonate
    in Chile, 2012                                                 61
    Table 30: China:
    Calcium carbonate
    production by
    particle size, 2011                                            63
    Table 31: China:
    PCC production by
    province in order
    of size, 2007                                                  65
    Table 32: China:
    PCC production by
    province in order
    of size, 2006                                                  66
    Table 33: China:
    Details of
    producers of fine
    and superfine PCC,
    2012                                                           67
    Table 34: China:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                           68
    Table 35: Asia Pulp
    and Paper: Details
    of GCC and PCC
    operations in
    China, 2012                                                    75
    Table 36: Imerys:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations in
    China, 2012                                                    76
    Table 37: Omya:
    Details of GCC
    operations in
    China, 2012                                                    78
    Table 38:
    ShengdaTech:
    Details of PCC
    operations, 2012                                               80
    Table 39: Colombia:
    Details of GCC
    operations, 2012                                               97
    Table 40: Czech
    Republic: Producers
    of GCC and PCC,
    2011                                                           99
    Table 41: Denmark:
    Producers of GCC,
    2011                                                          100
    Table 42: Egypt:
    Details of GCC
    operations, 2012                                              102
    Table 43: Finland:
    Limestone
    production by mine,
    2009                                                          104
    Table 44: Finland:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          106
    Table 45: France:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          109
    Table 46:
    Provençale: Details
    of GCC operations,
    2012                                                          111
    Table 47: Imerys:
    Carbonate mineral
    reserves and
    resource estimates,
    2010                                                          112
    Table 48: Imerys:
    General structure,
    2012                                                          112
    Table 49: Imerys:
    GCC and PCC
    facilities by
    business group,
    2010                                                          113
    Table 50: Imerys:
    Performance
    Minerals GCC and
    PCC facilities
    worldwide, 2012                                               113
    Table 51: Imerys:
    Pigments for Paper
    & Packaging GCC and
    PCC facilities,
    2012                                                          114
    Table 52: Imerys: Summary of GCC and PCC capacity 
    by region, country
    and plant, 2012                                               115
    Table 53: Germany:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          119
    Table 54: Alpha
    Calcit: Details of
    GCC operations,
    2012                                                          121
    Table 55: Schaefer
    Kalk: Details of
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          122
    Table 56: Greece:
    Details of GCC
    operations, 2012                                              125
    Table 57: India:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          128
    Table 58:
    Indonesia: Details
    of GCC and PCC
    operations, 2012                                              137
    Table 59: Iran:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          140
    Table 60: Italy:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          144
    Table 61: Jamaica:
    Details of calcium
    carbonate deposits                                            148
    Table 62: Jamaica:
    Details of GCC
    operations, 2012                                              148
    Table 63: Japan:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          150
    Table 64: Okutama
    Kogyo: Details of
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          154
    Table 65: Jordan:
    Details of GCC
    operations, 2012                                              157
    Table 66:
    Kazakhstan:
    Production of GCC
    by company, 2001 to
    2010                                                          159
    Table 67: North
    Korea: Marble
    deposits
    potentially
    suitable for GCC
    production                                                    160
    Table 68: South
    Korea: Details of
    GCC and PCC
    operations, 2012                                              162
    Table 69: Solvay
    Advanced Functional
    Minerals: Details
    of PCC operations,
    2012                                                          164
    Table 70: Malaysia:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          165
    Table 71: Mexico:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          171
    Table 72: New
    Zealand: Details of
    GCC operations,
    2012                                                          176
    Table 73:
    Philippines:
    Details of GCC
    operations, 2012                                              180
    Table 74: Poland: Production, trade 
    and consumption of chalk and GCC,
    2001 to 2009                                                  181
    Table 75: Portugal:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          183
    Table 76: Russia:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          185
    Table 77: Russia:
    Production of GCC
    by selected
    companies, 2002 to
    2010                                                          186
    Table 78: Russia:
    Apparent
    consumption of GCC,
    2001 to 2010                                                  191
    Table 79: Saudi
    Arabia: Details of
    GCC and PCC
    operations, 2012                                              192
    Table 80: Serbia:
    Details of GCC
    operations, 2012                                              194
    Table 81: South
    Africa: Details of
    GCC and PCC
    operations, 2012                                              196
    Table 82: Spain:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          197
    Table 83: Sweden:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          202
    Table 84: Omya:
    Estimated GCC and
    PCC capacity by
    region, 2012                                                  204
    Table 85: Omya:
    Identified GCC and
    PCC capacity by
    country, 2012                                                 204
    Table 86: Taiwan:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          209
    Table 87: Thailand:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          212
    Table 88: Tunisia:
    Details of GCC
    operations, 2012                                              215
    Table 89: Turkey:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          216
    Table 90: Ukraine:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          221
    Table 91: Ukraine:
    Production of GCC
    by company, 2001 to
    2010                                                          222
    Table 92: United
    Arab Emirates:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          223
    Table 93: Great
    Britain: Production
    of limestone,
    dolomite and chalk
    for industrial
    applications, 2000
    to 2009                                                       224
    Table 94: UK:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          225
    Table 95: USA: Production, trade and apparent consumption 
    of PCC, 2000 to 2010                                          229
    Table 96: USA: Lime sold or used by producers for use in PCC
    production, 2000 to 2010                                      230
    Table 97: USA:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          231
    Table 98: Imerys:
    US PCC operations,
    2012                                                          234
    Table 99: Mineral
    Technologies:
    Satellite PCC
    capacity by plant,
    2012                                                          237
    Table 100: Mineral
    Technologies:
    Merchant PCC
    capacity by plant,
    2012                                                          238
    Table 101: Mineral
    Technologies:
    Additional PCC
    capacity 2000 to
    2013                                                          239
    Table 102: Mineral
    Technologies:
    Closed PCC
    capacity, 2000 to
    2012                                                          240
    Table 103: Lhoist:
    Estimated capacity
    of US limestone
    operations and
    uses, 2011                                                    244
    Table 104: Vietnam:
    Details of GCC and
    PCC operations,
    2012                                                          250
    Table 105: World:
    Exports of calcium
    carbonate from main
    countries, 2001 to
    2010                                                          257
    Table 106: World:
    Imports of calcium
    carbonate into main
    countries, 2001 to
    2010                                                          258
    Table 107: World: Exports of marble granules, 
    chipping and powder from
    main countries, 2001 to 2010                                  261
    Table 108: World: Imports of marble granules, 
    chipping and powder by
    main countries, 2001 to 2010                                  263
    Table 109: World: Estimated regional consumption 
    of GCC and PCC by market, 2011                                264
    Table 110: World:
    Estimated
    consumption of GCC
    by region by
    market, 2011                                                  264
    Table 111: World:
    Estimated regional
    consumption of PCC
    by market, 2011                                               265
    Table 112: World:
    Forecast demand for
    GCC and PCC by
    market, 2011 and
    2016                                                          267
    Table 113: World:
    Forecast regional
    demand for GCC and
    PCC by market, 2016                                           267
    Table 114: World:
    Forecast demand for
    GCC by market, 2011
    and 2016                                                      268
    Table 115: World:
    Forecast regional
    demand for GCC by
    market, 2016                                                  268
    Table 116: World:
    Forecast demand for
    PCC by market, 2011
    and 2016                                                      269
    Table 117: World:
    Forecast regional
    demand for PCC by
    market, 2016                                                  269
    Table 118:
    Functions and
    specifications of
    GCC by main
    application                                                   270
    Table 119: Paper:
    Grades, fibre
    composition,
    pigment loading and
    end uses                                                      272
    Table 120: Comparison between properties of kaolin, 
    PCC and GCC in
    paper production                                              274
    Table 121:
    Advantages and
    disadvantages of
    GCC and PCC used in
    paper                                                         275
    Table 122: CEPI:
    Key data for the
    regional paper
    industry, 1991 and
    2010                                                          278
    Table 123: World:
    Production of paper
    and paperboard by
    region, 2000 to
    2010                                                          280
    Table 124: World: Average annual growth in 
    production of paper and
    paperboard by region, 2000 to 2010                            281
    Table 125: World:
    Regional production
    of paper and
    paperboard by
    grade, 2010                                                   281
    Table 126: World: Production of paper and 
    paperboard by region and
    main countries, 2002 to 2010                                  282
    Table 127: Selected countries: Production 
    of main papers containing
    minerals by category, 2010                                    284
    Table 128: International Paper: 
    Pulp and paper production capacity by
    region and grade, 2010                                        285
    Table 129:
    International
    Paper: Sales of
    main products, 2008
    to 2010                                                       286
    Table 130: Stora
    Enso: Details of
    mills producing
    news and book
    paper, 2012                                                   287
    Table 131: Stora
    Enso: Details of
    mills producing
    magazine paper,
    2012                                                          287
    Table 132: Stora
    Enso: Details of
    mills producing
    fine paper, 2012                                              287
    Table 133: Stora Enso: Details of mills 
    producing packaging papers and
    board, 2012                                                   288
    Table 134:
    UPM-Kymmene:
    Details of paper
    mills, 2012                                                   289
    Table 135: World: Paper mills with 
    associated satellite calcium
    carbonate plants, 2012                                        290
    Table 136: World:
    Satellite calcium
    carbonate capacity
    by region, 2011                                               293
    Table 137: World: Apparent consumption 
    of paper and paperboard by
    region, 2002 to 2010                                          294
    Table 138: Paper:
    Typical filler
    pigment contents of
    printing papers                                               295
    Table 139: Paper:
    Typical coating
    pigment levels of
    printing papers                                               295
    Table 140: World: Estimated consumption of 
    minerals in newsprint in
    main producing countries, 2009 and 2010                       296
    Table 141: World: Estimated consumption of 
    minerals in uncoated
    printing and writing paper in main producing 
    countries, 2009 and 2010                                      296
    Table 142: World: Estimated consumption 
    of minerals in coated printing
    and writing paper in main producing 
    countries, 2009 and 2010                                      297
    Table 143: World: Estimated consumption 
    of minerals in board in main
    producing countries, 2009 and 2010                            297
    Table 144: Leading countries: Estimated 
    total consumption of minerals
    in paper and paperboard, 2009 and 2010                        298
    Table 145: World: Estimated consumption 
    of minerals by type of paper,
    2000 to 2011                                                  298
    Table 146: World: Estimated regional 
    consumption of minerals by type
    of paper, 2010                                                299
    Table 147: World: Estimated consumption 
    of GCC and PCC in paper by
    region, 2011                                                  299
    Table 148: World: Historical and forecast 
    growth in GDP by region,
    2000 to 2010 and 2012 to 2016                                 301
    Table 149: World:
    Forecast demand for
    GCC and PCC in
    paper by region,
    2016                                                          303
    Table 150: Main
    industrial minerals
    used in plastics                                              305
    Table 151:
    Plastics: Use of
    minerals to improve
    properties                                                    306
    Table 152:
    Densities of main
    mineral fillers and
    resins                                                        307
    Table 153: Examples
    of mineral loadings
    in plastics                                                   307
    Table 154: World:
    Demand for plastics
    by region, 2007 to
    2015                                                          308
    Table 155: World:
    Demand for plastics
    by type, 2007 to
    2015                                                          308
    Table 156: Asia:
    Demand for plastics
    by type, 2007 to
    2015                                                          309
    Table 157: Europe:
    Demand for plastics
    by type, 2007 to
    2015                                                          309
    Table 158: NAFTA:
    Demand for plastics
    by type, 2007 to
    2015                                                          309
    Table 159: USA:
    Production of
    leading plastic
    resins, 2006 to
    2010                                                          310
    Table 160: Japan: Production of selected 
    thermoplastic resins by type,
    2002 to 2010                                                  311
    Table 161: Japan:
    Production of
    plastic products by
    type, 2002 to 2010                                            311
    Table 162: USA:
    Sales and captive
    use of selected
    thermoplastic
    resins by major
    market, 2003 to
    2010                                                          312
    Table 163: Summary
    of calcium
    carbonate use in
    plastics                                                      312
    Table 164: World:
    Demand for PVC by
    region, 2009 to
    2015                                                          316
    Table 165: World:
    Regional use of PVC
    by product, 2010                                              316
    Table 166: World:
    Regional use of PVC
    by product, 2015                                              317
    Table 167: World:
    Demand for
    polypropylene by
    region, 2009 to
    2015                                                          318
    Table 168: World:
    Regional use of
    polypropylene by
    product, 2010                                                 318
    Table 169: World:
    Regional use of
    polypropylene by
    product, 2015                                                 319
    Table 170: World: Construction of new 
    residential buildings in
    selected countries, 2002 to 2010                              321
    Table 171: World: Construction of new 
    non-residential buildings in
    selected countries, 2002 to 2010                              321
    Table 172: World: Estimated consumption 
    of GCC and PCC in plastics by
    region, 2011                                                  323
    Table 173: World:
    Forecast demand for
    plastics by region,
    2010 to 2015                                                  323
    Table 174: World: Forecast regional 
    growth in demand for selected
    plastics, 2010 to 2015                                        324
    Table 175: World:
    Forecast demand for
    GCC and PCC in
    plastics by region,
    2016                                                          324
    Table 176:
    Properties of
    extender minerals
    used in paint
    formulations                                                  327
    Table 177: Paint:
    Reasons for using
    GCC                                                           328
    Table 178: World:
    Leading coatings
    companies, 2000,
    2008 and 2011                                                 329
    Table 179: USA:
    Shipments of
    coatings, 2000 to
    2011                                                          331
    Table 180: World: Estimated consumption 
    of GCC and PCC in paint by
    region, 2011                                                  333
    Table 181: World: Regional demand for 
    architectural paint, 2003, 2008,
    2010, 2013, 2015 and 2018                                     334
    Table 182: World:
    Forecast demand for
    GCC and PCC in
    paint by region,
    2016                                                          334
    Table 183:
    Properties of
    important rubber
    reinforcement
    materials                                                     336
    Table 184: World: Estimated synthetic 
    rubber production capacity by
    type and country, 2010                                        337
    Table 185: Imerys:
    North American GCC
    products
    recommended for use
    in rubber                                                     338
    Table 186: Imerys: Comparison of #10 White(R) 
    and Micro-White 100(R)
    DGCC products                                                 338
    Table 187: World:
    Production of
    synthetic rubber by
    main regions, 2000
    to 2010                                                       340
    Table 188: China:
    Production of
    synthetic rubber,
    2000 to 2010                                                  341
    Table 189: World:
    Consumption of
    synthetic rubber by
    main regions, 2000
    to 2010                                                       342
    Table 190: World:
    Production of
    natural rubber by
    main regions, 2000
    to 2010                                                       342
    Table 191: World:
    Consumption of
    natural rubber by
    main regions, 2000
    to 2010                                                       343
    Table 192: World: Estimated consumption 
    of GCC and PCC in rubber by
    region, 2011                                                  343
    Table 193: World:
    Forecast demand for
    GCC and PCC in
    rubber by region,
    2016                                                          344
    Table 194:
    Components of
    adhesives and
    sealants                                                      345
    Table 195: China:
    Production and
    sales of adhesives
    and sealants, 2006
    to 2008                                                       347
    Table 196: Japan:
    Production of
    adhesives and
    sealants, 2003 to
    2010                                                          348
    Table 197: World: Estimated consumption 
    of GCC and PCC in adhesives
    and sealants by region, 2011                                  350
    Table 198: World: Forecast demand for 
    GCC and PCC in adhesives and
    sealants by region, 2016                                      350
    Table 199: Imerys: 
    GCC products for
    drilling fluids                                               354
    Table 200: World: Sales of inks and 
    graphic arts materials by main
    companies,  2010                                              356
    Table 201: Imerys:
    GCC grades used in
    water treatment                                               358
    Table 202: World: Estimated consumption 
    of GCC and PCC in other
    applications by region, 2011                                  358
    Table 203: World: Forecast demand for GCC and PCC in other
    applications by region, 2016                                  359
    Table 204: World: Selected GCC and PCC 
    prices from trading websites,
    February 2012      361
    Table 205: UK: GCC
    prices, ex-works,
    1991 to 2012                                                  362
    Table 206: USA:
    Prices of GCC, 1997
    to 2009                                                       362
    Table 207: USA:
    Prices of GCC, 2009
    to 2012                                                       362
    Table 208: Imerys:
    Announced changes
    in US GCC prices,
    2002 to 2011                                                  363
    Table 209: USA:
    Prices of PCC, 2002
    to 2012                                                       364
    Table 210: UK:
    Prices of PCC,
    ex-works, 1993 to
    2012                                                          364
    Table 211: USA:
    Average value of
    quarterly PCC
    production, 2001 to
    2011                                                          365
 
    List of Figures
 
    Figure 1: World:
    Estimated regional
    consumption of GCC
    and PCC by end use,
    2011                                                            1
    Figure 2: World:
    Estimated capacity
    for GCC and PCC by
    main area, 2012                                                 3
    Figure 3: World:
    Estimated capacity
    for GCC and PCC by
    main companies,
    2012                                                            4
    Figure 4: World: Consumption and forecast 
    demand for GCC and PCC by
    end use, 2011 and 2016                                          6
    Figure 5: Dry and
    wet processing
    routes for GCC                                                 14
    Figure 6: PCC
    slurry production
    flow chart                                                     20
    Figure 7: PCC
    production by
    filler recycling
    process                                                        23
    Figure 8: Range of
    pigment brightness
    values                                                         28
    Figure 9: World:
    Estimated GCC and
    PCC capacity by
    region, 2012                                                   29
    Figure 10: World:
    Estimated GCC
    capacity by major
    country, 2012                                                  30
    Figure 11: World:
    Estimated PCC
    capacity by major
    country, 2012                                                  30
    Figure 12: China:
    Estimated
    production of GCC
    and PCC, 2008 to
    2011                                                           62
    Figure 13: China:
    Production of PCC,
    2002 to 2011                                                   65
    Figure 14: Finland:
    Estimated
    production of GCC
    and PCC, 1999 to
    2009                                                          105
    Figure 15: USA:
    Quarterly
    production of PCC,
    2000 to 2011                                                  230
    Figure 16: USA:
    Exports and imports
    of PCC, 1996 to
    2010                                                          259
    Figure 17: China:
    Estimated
    consumption of GCC
    and PCC by market,
    2010                                                          266
    Figure 18: CEPIPRINT: Deliveries of 
    mechanical publication papers
    compared to capacity, 2000 to 2010                            279
    Figure 19: World:
    Production of paper
    and paperboard by
    region, 2000 to
    2010                                                          280
    Figure 20: World: Production of paper 
    and paperboard by main
    countries, 2002 to 2010                                       282
    Figure 21: World: Apparent consumption 
    of paper and paperboard by main
    regions, 2002 to 2010                                         293
    Figure 22: CEPI countries: Kaolin and 
    calcium carbonate consumption in
    paper, 1991 to 2010                                           300
    Figure 23: World: Estimated changes in 
    GCC and PCC use in paper, 2011
    and 2016                                                      303
    Figure 24: China:
    Production of
    primary plastics,
    1990 to 2010                                                  310
    Figure 25: China: Capacity, production 
    and operating rate of PVC
    industry, 2000 to 2010                                        314
    Figure 26: World:
    Main producers of
    PVC, 2011                                                     315
    Figure 27: China: Floor space of buildings 
    under construction and
    completed, 1990 to 2009                                       322
    Figure 28: World: Estimated changes in GCC 
    and PCC use in plastics,
    2011 and 2016                                                 325
    Figure 29: World:
    Estimated value of
    regional markets
    for decorative
    paint, 2010                                                   330
    Figure 30: USA:
    Shipments of
    coatings by type,
    1985 to 2011                                                  331
    Figure 31: USA: Shipments of architectural 
    coatings compared to
    housing starts, 1985 to 2010                                  332
    Figure 32: Japan:
    Production and
    shipments of paint,
    1989 to 2010                                                  333
    Figure 33: World:
    Production of
    synthetic rubber by
    main regions, 2000
    to 2010                                                       340
    Figure 34: World:
    Consumption of
    synthetic rubber by
    main regions, 2000
    to 2010                                                       341
    Figure 35: World:
    Markets for
    adhesives and
    sealants, 2010                                                349
    Figure 36:
    Comparison of
    published GCC, PCC
    and kaolin prices,
    March 2012                                                    360
    Figure 37: USA: Comparison of average 
    annual prices of natural
    gas and quicklime, 1980 to 2010                               366
 

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